Notes for Top Girls

poll Girls by Caryl Churchill Copyright Notice 1998-2002 2002 by Gale Cengage. Gale is a division of Cengage Learning. Gale and Gale Cengage ar trademarks utilise herein under license. For complete copyright information on these eNotes please visit http//www. e n stars. com/top-girls/copyright eNotes Table of Contents 1. sneak Girls Introduction 2. Summary identification number 1 Summary role count 2 Summary 3. Caryl Churchill aliveness 4. Char dallyers 5. Themes 6. Style 7. Historical Context 8. Critical Overview 9.Essays and Criticism The Importance of Angie in exonerate Girls womens rightist looseness The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley De- authorized numberised Women Performance and Identity in Top Girls 10. Comp be and Contrast 11. Topics for Further Study 12. What Do I Read succeeding(prenominal)? 13. Bibliography and Further Reading Introduction Since its earliest productions, Caryl Churchills Top Girls was regarded as a unique, if difficult, cope with close the ch totallyenges working(a) women face in the devote-day(a) business world and society at large.Premiering on August 28, 1982, in the Royal Court menage in capital of the United Kingdom in the lead making its New York de scarce on December 28, 1982, in the Public Theatre, Top Girls win an Obie Award in 1983 and was the runner-up for the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize. The play is regularly performed close to the world and has quickly die part of the fecal matteron of womens theater. Top Girls helped solidify Churchills reputation as an important playwright. Critics praise Top Girls for a number of reasons.Churchill explores the legal injury of success paid for by the central char maper, Marlene, while using unusual techniques including a nonlinear construction, an overlapping dialogue, and a mix of fantasy and reality. The last occurs at a dinner party ships company celebrating Marlenes promotion, which is attended by cinque women from una kindred time i n history, literature, and art. The dinner party is the Top Girls 1 starting medical prognosis of the play and, to many a(prenominal) critics, the bring disclose of Top Girls. Churchill brings up many tough misgivings over the blood of the play, including what success is and if womens progress in the workplace has been a technical or bad affair.While many critics compliment the play on its handling of such big ideas in such a singular fashion, around thought Top Girls was disjointed and its subject matter muddled. As John Russell Taylor of Plays & Players wrote, uniform most of Churchills work, it is astir(predicate) nonhing simple and easily capsulated. Summary Act 1 Summary Act 1, Scene 1 Top Girls opens in a heartseaseaurant where Marlene is hosting a dinner party for volt friends. She has recently been promoted at work. The five guests ar all women that be each longsighted-dead or are fictional characters from literature or paintings.The first to come are Isa bella Bird and Lady Nijo. Nijo and Isabella discuss their lives, including their families. break Gret and Pope Joan, who was elected to the papacy in the ninth degree Celsius, appear. The conversation wanders between subjects, including religion and the love lives of Nijo and Isabella. Isabella goes on about her travel escorts. Joan blethers about habilitateing and maintenance as a male from the age of twelve so that she could further her education. Marlene proposes a toast to her guests. They, in put to work, insist on toasting Marlene and her success. Joan relates her disturbing story.While she enjoyed being the pope, she similarly had a discreet affair with a chamberlain and became pregnant. In denial about her state, she gave birth to her child during a episcopal procession. Joan was stoned to death, and her child, she believes, was also killed. While Joan relates her story, Nijo talks about her four children being born, and however being able to collide with one of them afterwards having submitn birth. Isabella talks about how she never had children. Marlene wonders why they are all so miserable. The final guest arrives. She is Patient Griselda, a character in Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales.Griselda tells her story. Though she was a peasant girl, she was asked to be the wife of a local prince, scarcely only if she obeyed him without question. Griselda agreed, though it by and by on meant losing the dickens children she bore himthey were eat upn from her as infants. Then Griselda was move masking to her father with nonhing scarcely a splay to wear. Her economise called her back to help him prepare for his next wedding to a girl from France. The girl was her daughterall this was a test of her verity. He took Griselda back, and the family was reunited. Marlene is folie by Griseldas tale.Nijo is also perturbed beca uptake her children were never returned to her. Gret finally speaks up about her journey by means of hell, and how she beat the devils. The outlook ends with Isabella talking about the last send she took. Act 1, Scene 2 The scene opens in the Top Girls traffic style in capital of the United Kingdom. Marlene is interviewing Jeanine for achievable placement. Marlene tells Jeanine that if she is to be sent on a business organisation with prospects, she must(prenominal) non tell them that she is beginting hook up with or might father children. Marlene evaluates Jeanine and suggests jobs based on her perception of Jeanines future.Act 1, Scene 3 This scene takes place at night in Joyces backyard in Suffolk. Joyce is Marlenes elder sister. Joyces sixteen- social class-old daughter Angie and her twelve-year-old friend kit out are playing in a value they built in the backyard. Joyce calls for Angie, only if Angie and equip ignore her until she goes back into the house. Angie says she wants to kill her mformer(a). Introduction 2 Angie and Kit discuss going to the movies. Kit gets mad at Angie when she talks about soundless stuff. Angie desperately wants to leave home. Kit believes they should move to New Zealand in case of a war.Angie is in divers(prenominal) because she has a big secret. She tells Kit she is going to London to see her auntie. Angie believes that Marlene is in reality her get down. Joyce sneaks up on them. Joyce willing non let them go to the movies until Angie cleans her room. Angie leaves, and Kit informs Joyce that she wants to be a nuclear physicist. When Angie returns, she is wearing a nice dress that is a little too small for her. Joyce becomes angry because Angie has non cleaned her room. It starts to rain. Joyce and Kit go inside. Angie stays outside. When Kit returns to get her, Angie threatens to kill her breed again. Act 2 SummaryAct 2, Scene 1 It is Monday morning at Top Girls. Win and Nell, who work at the agency, are talking. Win tells Nell about her weekend that she spent at her married boyfriends house while his wife was out of town. The conversation turns to authorisation gossip. They consider changing jobs as Marlene has been promoted over them, limiting their prospects. Still, Nell and Win are glad Marlene got the job over a nonher coworker, Howard. Marlene enters late. Win and Nell tell her that they are glad she got the promotion rather than Howard. Win interviews Louise, a forty-six-year-old fair sex who has been in the kindred job for blackjack oak years.Louise has done everything for her company, but has spent twenty years in middle management with no opportunities to go taller. Win believes thither will be only limited openings for her. In the main property, Angie walks up to Marlene. Marlene does not recognize her at first. Angie has come to London on her own to see her aunt, and she intends to stay for a while. It is not clear if Joyce knows where Angie is. Angie becomes upset when Marlene does not seem akin she wants her to stay. Their conversation is interrupted by the appearance of Mrs. Kidd, Howards wife. Mrs.Kidd is upset because Howard butt jointnot accept that Marlene got the promotion to managing director over him. In part, he is disturbed because she is a woman. Mrs. Kidd wants Marlene to turn down the promotion so that he can strike it. Mrs. Kidd leaves in a huff when Marlene is rude to her. Angie is imperial of her aunts saucy attitude. In another interview, Nell talks to Shona, who claims to be twenty-nine and to apply worked in sales on the road. As the interview progresses, it becomes clear that Shona has been lying. She is only twenty-one and has no real work experience.In the main office, Win sits down and talks to Angie, who was left there by Marlene while she is working. Angie tells Win that she wants to work at Top Girls. Win begins to tell Angie her demeanor story, but Angie falls asleep. Nell comes in and informs her that Howard has had a heart attack. When Marlene returns, Win tells her about Angie wanting to work at Top Girls. Marl ene does not think Angie has much of a future there. Act 2, Scene 2 This scene takes place a year earlier in Joyces kitchen. Marlene is passing out presents for Joyce and Angie. One of the gifts is the nice dress that Angie wore in act 1, scene 2.While Angie goes to her room to try it on, Joyce and Marlene are talking. Joyce had no idea that Marlene was coming. Marlene believed Joyce had invited her there. Angie do the arrangements, lying to both of them. Angie returns to bear witness off the dress. They chide her for her deception. Angie reminds her that the last time she visited was for her ninth birthday. Marlene learns that Joyces husband left her three years ago. It is getting Act 1 Summary 3 late, and Angie is sent to bed. Marlene will sleep on the couch. After Angie leaves to get ready for bed, Joyce and Marlene continue their discussion about their lives.The sisters conversation turns into an argument. Marlene believes that Joyce is jealous of her success. Joyce criticizes the decisions Marlene has made, including leaving her home and giving up her child, Angie. Marlene offers to send her money, but Joyce refuses. Marlene is excited about a future under the new prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, while Joyce cannot stand the prime minister. They talk about the dire purport their mother led with their waterspout father. It becomes clear the sisters dupe very different views of the world. As Marlene nears sleep on the couch, Angie walks in, having had a bad dream. Frightening, is all she says. Biography Churchill was born on September 3, 1938, in London, England, the daughter and only child of Robert Churchill and his wife. Churchills father was a political cartoonist her mother worked as a model, secretary, and actress. Churchill began writing stories and doing shows for her parents as a child. After spending her earlier childhood in London, the family moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in about 1949, where Churchill spent most of her formative ye ars. Caryl Churchill In 1956, Churchill returned to England to enter Oxford University.While canvas literature at Lady Margaret Hall, she began writing plays for student productions. Her first play was written as a favor for a friend. One of Churchills student plays, Downstairs, won first prize at the National Student Drama Festival. Churchill graduated with her B. A. in 1960, intending to become a serious writer. Act 2 Summary 4 Family matters stymied her plans. In 1961, Churchill married David Harter, a lawyer, and had three sons over the next decade. Still, she managed to write about thirty radio dramas, usually one act, throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, as well as some television plays in the early 1970s.Many of these early plays were related to her life experiences and were somewhat depressing, but they did garner Churchill some point out for her writing abilities. In the early 1970s, Churchill turned to theater, initially writing for eruption theater groups. Owners, a t ragic farce, was her first major play, produced by a fringe group in London in 1972. This production led to her position as a resident playwright at the Royal Court Theatre from 1974 to 1975. Churchill began exploring feminist ideas with her first play for the Royal Court, Objections to Sex and Violence (1974).Churchill continued to explore feminism with Vinegar Tom (1976). She wrote the play both with the help of and for fantastic Regiment, a feminist touring-theater company. Vinegar Tom and Light Shining in Buckinghamshire (1976) use historical settings to discuss repression. These plays garnered Churchill more(prenominal) attention and critical praise. In 1979, Churchills pervert Nine had its first production. This was her first big hit, and had a long run on both sides of the Atlantic. The Obie Award-winning play was set in the Victorian era, with the roles compete by their physical opposites. For example, a man played an unhappy and un completeed wife.Critics enthusiastical ly praised Churchills originality. Churchill followed this success with Top Girls (1982), a play about feminism and the footing of success for women. Though some did not regard it as highly as Cloud Nine, the play cemented her reputation and won her another Obie. Churchill wrote plays on a variety of topics throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fen (1983), which focused on female tenant farmers, won her the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize. In 1986, she wrote Serious Money about the London stock exchange. Churchill used music and dialogue that rhymed in the play, which also won the Blackburn Prize and many other awards.She continued to experiment with technique in Mad Forest (1990) and The Skriker (1994), which incorporated music and dance. Though Churchills output decreased in the late 1990s, she continues to push the limits of traditional prominent forms using dance and music, and other unexpected constructions. Characters Angie Angie is the sixteen-year-old adopted daughter of Joyce. Angi e is the biological daughter of Marlene, but was given up by her birth mother, who was only cardinalteen at the time and had biography ambitions. In act 1 of Top Girls, Angie realizes that Marlene is her mother, though she has not been told directly.Both Marlene and Joyce do not think highly of Angie and believe her future is limited. She has already left high school with no qualifications. She was in remedial gradees, and her best friend is Kit, who is four years younger. Angie is frustrated and wants to murder her mother. Instead, she runs a means to visit her aunt in London and hopes to live with her. Previously, Angie tricked Marlene into visiting her and Joyce. Angie is Marlenes embarrassment, but she is also one of the things that links her to the women at the dinner party. Isabella Bird Isabella is one of Marlenes dinner party guests in act 1, scene 1.She is a Scottish woman who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and who traveled extensively later on in life. In Top Girls, Isabella is the first to arrive at the party and dominates the conversation in a self-absorbed manner. She talks on and on about her travels her complex relationship with her sister, Hennie her clergyman father, and husband her illnesses religion and her lack of children. While Isabella does listen and respond to the others, she mostly tries to figure out her own life and what it meant. She could never be as good as her sister, but her adventures made Biography 5 er happy. Isabella is one of the characters who helps Marlene define herself. Dull Gret Dull Gret is one of Marlene s dinner guests in act 1, scene 1, and the thirdly to arrive. Gret is the subject of a painting by Brueghel entitled Dulle Griet. In the painting, she wears an apron and armor and leads a group of women into hell to fight with devils. Gret is generally ease through most of the dinner, answering questions only when directly asked and making a few comments on the side. Near the end o f the scene, Gret makes a speech about her trip to hell and the fight with the devils. give care all the dinner guests, Grets story reflects something about Marlenes life. Jeanine Marlene interviews Jeanine for placement by Top Girls in act 1. She is engaged and is saving money to get married. Marlene is not supportive of Jeanines ambitions to work in advertising or in a job that might have some travel, but she categorizes her according to what Marlene believes she will be able to accomplish. Pope Joan Pope Joan is one of Marlenes dinner party guests in act 1, scene 1, and the fourth to arrive. She is a woman from the ninth century who allegedly served as the pope from 854 to 856.Pope Joan is somewhat aloof, making relevant, intelligent declarations throughout the conversation. When the topic turns to religion, she cannot help but point out heresiesherself includedthough she does not attempt to convert the others to her religion. Joan reveals some of her life. She began dressing as a boy at age twelve so she could continue to study she lived the rest of her life as a man, though she had male lovers. Joan was eventually elected pope. She became pregnant by her chamberlain lover and delivered her baby during a papal procession. For this, Joan was stoned to death.At the end of the scene, Joan recites a passage in Latin. Like all the dinner guests, Joans life and attitude reflects something about Marlene. Joyce Joyce is Marlenes elder sister and mother to Angie. Unlike her younger sister, Joyce stayed in the same area and social class she grew up in. Joyce is unambitious and unhappy. She was married to Frank, but she told him to leave three years previously because he was having affairs with other women. She supports herself and Angie by cleaning houses. Because Joyce seemed to be unable to have children, she adopted Angie as an infant when Marlene decided to give her up.But Joyce soon got pregnant and miscarried the child because of the demands of aggrandizemen t Angie. Joyce resents both Angie and Marlene, in part because of her miscarriage. She calls Angie a lump and useless. Marlene is too ambitious and clever for Joyce. Yet Joyce has pride. She will not take Marlenes money, and she does not cater to her crying. Joyce maintains her working class loyalty and stands her ground when Marlene starts to sing the praises of Margaret Thatcher. Despite such differences, Marlene and Joyce are very much alike.They both believe they are right and do what they must to survive in their different worlds. Mrs. Kidd Mrs. Kidd is the wife of Howard, the man who got passed over in favor of Marlene for the managing director position at Top Girls. In act 2, Mrs. Kidd comes to the office and tries to get Marlene to turn down the position. Mrs. Kidd hopes Marlene will understand how much it would hurt Howards pride and livelihood. Marlene is not impressed by her pleas, and Mrs. Kidd leaves after insulting Marlene for being a hard, working woman. Kit Kit is th e twelve-year-old best friend of Angie.Unlike Angie, Kit is clever and plans on being a nuclear Characters 6 physicist. The girls have been friends for years, though Kit gets annoyed by Angies limitations. In some ways, Kit is a younger version of Marlene. Louise Louise is interviewed by Win for placement by Top Girls in act 2. Louise is a forty-six-year-old woman stuck in middle management who believes she has been overlooked for promotion and underappreciated by her present firm. Win is not particularly supportive of Louises desires to use her experience elsewhere and does not offer much hope for a infract position.Like Marlene, Win categorizes Louise according to what she believes Louise will be able to accomplish. Marlene Marlene is the central character in Top Girls. She is a successful businesswoman who has recently been promoted to managing director of Top Girls, an employment agency. To lionize, she has a dinner party at a restaurant with five guests, all of whom are women who are either dead or fictional characters from literature and paintings. Marlenes own life dowrys some parallels with these women. Marlenes adult life has been focused on her career, to the exclusion of nearly everything else.She previously worked in the United States and has done well for herself. Marlene has little to no contact with her family. Her alcoholic father is dead, and her long-suffering mother is in some sort of home. Marlene does not get along with her sister Joyce, who has remained part of the working class and lives in the same neighborhood where they grew up. Marlene let Joyce raise her daughter, Angie. Marlene became pregnant at age seventeen, and because the then-married Joyce did not have a child, she allowed her to adopt the baby. Marlene has as little respect and vex in Angie as Joyce does.Like the women she interviews at Top Girls, Marlene believes Angies future is limited. Yet Marlenes own life is just as circumscribed, but in different ways. Her success has come at a high price, costing her both her empathy and her relationships. Nell Nell is one of the employees at the Top Girls employment agency. She is happy that Marlene got the promotion over Howard, but she has her own career ambitions and might want to find a job with better prospects. In the meantime, her boyfriend, Derek, has asked her to marry him, but she does not know if she will accept.Her career seems more important to her than the marriage. During the play, Nell conducts an interview with Shona, whom Nell believes might be good for Top Girls. Nell is disappointed to learn that Shona has lie about everything on her application. Lady Nijo Lady Nijo is one of Marlenes dinner party guests in act 1, scene 1, and the second to arrive. She is a thirteenth-century Japanese courtesan to the emperor moth of Japan. She later became a Buddhist monk. Like Isabella, Nijo is somewhat self-absorbed, though not to the same degree.Nijo tells the others about her life, including inform ation about her father, her lovers, her four children (only one of whom she ever saw), exemplary clothing, and her time as a traveling monk. But she also listens respectfully to the stories of others and acknowledges her limitations. Nijo liked her silk clothing and easy life with the Emperor. By the end of the scene, Nijo is in tears. Like all the dinner guests, Nijos life reflects something about Marlenes. Patient Griselda Patient Griselda is one of Marlenes dinner guests in act 1, scene 1, and the last to arrive.She is a fictional character, appearing in The Clerks Tale in Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, among other stories. As soon as she arrives, Marlene has Griselda tell her story. Griselda was a peasant girl who was asked to marry a local prince, but only if she would obey him without question. She agreed and bore him two children who were taken away from her while they were still infants. She did not question the decision. Her Characters 7 husband sent Griselda ba ck home with nothing more than a slip to wear. She went without question.He sent for her to help him plan his second marriage to a young French girl. Griselda came back. At a pre-wedding feast, he revealed that the girl and her page/brother were their children and all these incidents were tests of her loyalty. Like all the dinner guests, Griseldas story reflects an aspect of Marlenes life. Shona Shona is interviewed by Nell for placement by the Top Girls agency in the second act. Shona tries to pass herself off as a twenty-nine-year-old woman with sales experience, which Nell believes at first.As the interview progresses, it becomes clear that Shona has been making up a story. She is really twenty-one and has no job experience. Shona is certain that she could handle high-profile jobs, but Nell does not believe her. Win Win is one of the employees at the Top Girls employment agency. Like Nell, she is glad that Marlene got the promotion over Howard, but she has her own career ambition s and might move on. She is relatively well educated and has previously lived in several different countries. Win spent the previous weekend with her married boyfriend at his house, while his wife was out of town.During the course of the play, Win interviews Louise for a job she shares Marlenes callous attitude toward Louise. Themes Choices and Consequences Nearly every character in Top Girls has made or is in the process of making life-changing decisions with important consequences. The dinner party in act 1, scene 1 exemplifies this. Each of the historical figures has made a hard alternative. For example, Pope Joan chose to live like a boy, and then a man, in public. When she became pregnant by her secret lover, the stoning death of her and her baby were consequences of her elect life.Joyce chose to adopt Angie, which led to a certain life path. Joyce believes that she miscarried her own child because of the demands of raising Angie. Marlene also made several hard choices. She b ecame a career woman who spent some time working in the States. Marlene is estranged from her family, including her biological daughter, Angie, and does not seem to have many close friends, female or male. Her dinner party in celebration of her promotion consists of women who are dead or do not really exist, not with friends or family. She has no love relationship.Marlene is very much alone because of her life choices. While her daughter Angie has already made two life choicesdropping out of school at the age of sixteen with no qualifications, and running away to London to live with her aunt/motherthe consequences of these actions in her life are unclear. Success and Failure Success is an important part of Marlenes life in Top Girls, defining who she is and whose company she enjoys. The dinner party is meant to celebrate her promotion to managing director as well as the successes of her guests. Joan became the pope. Isabella traveled the world.Gret fought the devils in hell. Griseld a survived her husbands extraordinary tests of loyalty. Marlene sees these women as successful, though they are not in her real, occasional life. Marlenes personalized life is a failure because of her success in business. She has no real friends in the play, and she has not seen her sister or biological daughter in seven years. At the dinner party, she moans at one point, Oh God, why are we all so miserable? Yet, Marlene believes that Joyce is mostly a failure because she did not grow beyond her neighborhood sooner, she got married and raised a child.Joyce cleans houses for a living, and she is not impressed by Marlenes life. Joyce does not really see her world in the same footing of success or failure. She does what is necessary to survive and to rear Angie. However, both sisters agree that Angie has no chance of being a success in life. Angie has no education, no ambition, and is regarded as dumb. The best she might do is Themes 8 menial work and marry. While this describes J oyces life, both Joyce and Marlene perceive that Angie might not be able to take care of herself. This would be the ultimate failure in their eyes. They agree that one should support oneself.Class Conflict Marlene and Joyces differing definitions of success stem in part from a class conflict. Marlene has moved beyond her working-class roots to a middle-class life by education and persistence. She holds a management position in a demanding field, an employment agency. She even lived and worked in the United States for several years. Marlene supports the political agenda of wide Britains female prime minister, Margaret Thatcher, even though she is perceived as anti-working class. Joyce remains firmly working class, leading a life only slightly better than her parents.She works as a cleaning lady to support Angie. Unlike Joyce and Marlenes mother, who stayed with her alcoholic husband and had nothing, Joyce told her husband to leave when she could no longer take his controlling natu re and numerous affairs. Joyce regards Thatcher as evil, comparing her to Adolf Hitler for her attitudes towards working-class people. Joyce believes that Marlene thinks she is too good for her. Marlene says she does not like working-class people, but she does not really include her sister as one of them. The pair never come to an understanding on class.Sex Roles and Sexism passim the text of Top Girls is an implicit discussion of what society expects women to be. Each of the guests at the dinner party defines womanhood in a particular era, either by what they are or by what they are not. Isabella, for example, could not live up to the standards of femininity defined by her sister, Hennie. Yet Isabella was a traveler who saw more of the world than most men. Marlene also breaks out of the traditional roles for women, by virtue of her career. While Marlene has benefited economically from her career, her disregard for sex roles has its problems.She is not married, and it does not seem like she is in a long-term relationship. Joyce does not really like her. Mrs. Kidd, the wife of the man who was passed over for the promotion that Marlene got, begs her to not take it. Mrs. Kidd believes that the upset Howard should not have to work for a woman. Further, Mrs. Kidd hopes that Marlene will give up the promotion because Howard has to support his family. Mrs. Kidd calls Marlene un indwelling for her uncompromising stand on the promotion and her attachment to her job. Marlene does not give in, but such sexism does not make her life and choices any easier.Style Setting Top Girls is a feminist drama/fantasy set in contemporary times. The action is confined to two places in England, London and Suffolk. The realistic action takes place in two settings. One is the Top Girls employment agency, where Marlene works. There, potential clients are interviewed, and Angie shows up, hoping to stay with Marlene. The other is Joyces home and backyard, where Marlene visits and Angie and Kit scheme. The fantasy dinner party that opens Top Girls also takes place in London. (In many productions, the restaurant is called La star(predicate) Donna. Though the dinner is clearly a fantasy because all the guests are dead or fictional, the setting is very real. Fantasy versus Reality In act 1, scene 1, Marlene hosts a dinner party with guests both long dead (Pope Joan, Lady Nijo, and Isabella Bird) and fictional (Dull Gret and Patient Griselda). While Marlene listens to and guides the conversationinjecting only bits about herselfthese five women share their stories. The party is ostensibly to celebrate Marlenes promotion at work, but she intends it to be a celebration of all their successes. Though Style 9 hese women have each achieved something they are proud of, success has come at a large price in their lives. The dinner party itself shows the tensions between fantasy and reality because the guests are not real to the rest of the characters in Top Girls, only to Marlene . Yet the ideas and problems brought up by the fantasy women are very real. These issues echo in the plot and dialogue of the rest of the text, adding another dimension to the tension between fantasy and reality. Time Top Girls is not a linear play, but one in which time is used in an unusual fashion. The last scene of the lay, act 2, scene 2, is the only part that takes place at a detail time in the story, about a year earlier than the other events. This flashback ties up some of the loose ends created by the story. The rest of the scenes, even the action in spite of appearance act 2, scene 1, do not have to take place in the order presented, though all are set in the present. The events are linked thematically, but not by a specific sequence of time. In addition, the idea of time is toyed with at the dinner party in act 1, scene 1. None of the guests can really exist at the same time, yet they share many of the same concerns.Multiple Casting Often when Top Girls is performedincl uding its premieres in England and the United States several parts are played by the same actresses. Only the actress who plays Marlene, the central character in the play, has only one role. Thus guests at the dinner party are played by actresses who also play contemporary characters. Such modeling decisions create visual links between seemingly disparate women. In the original production, for example, the same actress played Dull Gret and Angie, implying that these characters might have something in common.Similarly, another actress took on the roles of Pope Joan and Louise, drawing another parallel. This casting technique further emphasizes how alike the concerns of the historical characters and contemporary characters really are. Historical Context In the early 1980s, Great Britain was ruled by women. Though magnate Elizabeth II was only a royal figurehead, real political power was held by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. A member of the Conservative Party, Thatcher had been elected on May 3, 1979, and proceeded to put her own stamp on British life over the next decade or so.She was reelected in 1983 and 1987, and held office until late 1990, when she true a vote of no confidence and was replaced by fellow Conservative John Major. Thatcher had been the longest-serving prime minister in Great Britain since the nineteenth century. To improve the British economy, Thatcher dismantled the socialist practices that were put in place in the post-World War II era. She privatized major industries, like coal mining and telecommunications, which had been run by the British government, and she cut down on the power of trade unions.Because Thatchers revolution benefited the middle- and upper-classes and seemed to hurt the working- and lower-classes, she was very unpopular among the latter groups. Unemployment continued to rise, and by 1982, over three and a quarter million people were unemployed. With cuts in both welfare and other social programs, such peoples live s were becoming much harder. Though the economy was strong and interest rates and inflation were down, real living standards had been falling slightly for several years international trade was also down. In 1982, Thatcher and the Conservative party had some popularity problems among the general population.National morale was not particularly high until the Falklands War broke out. The Falkland Islands were a British possession in the Atlantic Ocean off the semivowel of Argentina. The group of islands are small and only about 1,800 people were living there. The territory was at the kernel of a dispute between Argentina and Great Britain for a number of years, and the two countries were in negotiations over them. In the spring of 1982, Argentina became impatient and invaded the Falklands. Great Britain responded and reclaimed the islands before Argentina quickly surrendered.Though there were approximately 243 British casualties, the victory Historical Context 10 improved national mo rale and the repute of Thatcher and the Conservatives. The popularity of the project party went down. Thatcher was but one symbolic representation in the 1980s of powerful women. There was a concrete change in the position of working women. In Great Britain in the early 1980s, women made up forty share of the labor force, and over sixty percent of women aged twenty to sixty-four were working. Marriage rates fell in the 1980s, after having remained stable for many years.Before that decade nearly every adult woman was married at some point. Those that did marry gave up working after having a child, although sometimes they went back to work after their children went to school or reached adulthood. Most women who worked were employed in poorly paid white-collar, service, and industrial occupations. Approximately seventy-five percent of women did personal services work, clerical work, retail work, or health, education, or welfare work. The number of lord women was still small, but mor e women were becoming lawyers than ever before.These professional women often had equal pay for equal work, but working-class women did not. Despite the success of Thatcher, many British women were anti-Conservative, though they did not necessarily support Labour either. To these women, Thatcher whitethorn have shared their gender, but her political prominence did not necessarily make her their heroine. Critical Overview Most critics agree that Top Girls is an intricate play generally, they find much to praise in its themes, attitudes, and text. The plays depiction of women and feminism is particularly interesting to critics.Writing about the original London production, Bryan Robertson of The Spectator argued, her play is brilliantly conceived with considerable wit to illuminate the underlying deep human seriousness of her theme. The play is feminist, all right, but it is an entertaining, sometimes painful and often funny play and not a mere tract. Expanding on this idea, Benedict Nightingale of the New Statesman wrote, What use is female emancipation, Churchill asks, if it transforms the clever women into predators and does nothing for the stupid, weak and helpless?Does freedom, and feminism, consist of sharp adopting the very values that have for centuries oppressed your sex? A scene from the 1991 production of Top Girls at Londons Royal Court Theatre Writing about the same production, John Russell Taylor of Plays & Players is one of several critics over the years who believed that the rest of Top Girls did not live up to the promise of the dinner party scene. He found the play disjointed, arguing that the pieces in the puzzle remain determinedly separate, never quite adding up to more than, well, so many fascinating pieces in a fascinating puzzle. Critical Overview 11 When Top Girls opened in the United States a short time later, a few critics were dismissive of the play and Churchills potential appeal to American audiences. Calling the play confused, Dou glas Watt of the Daily News proclaimed, Churchill can write touchingly and with a good ear for everyday speech about middle-class Londoners today. But while concern for ugly ducklings may be universal Top Girls is a genre piece apparent to arouse even less interest here than Alan Ayckbourns equally tricky, but infinitely more amusing, works about the English middle class. Edith Oliver of the New Yorker was dumbfound by certain aspects of the play. She wrote Top Girls is witty and original, with considerable dramatized feeling, yet somehow never got to me, and I was never certain whether she was making one point with the unscathed play or a lot of points in its separate segments. Later in her review, Oliver emphasized that despite my admiration of Miss Churchills ingenuity, I was disappointed and at times puzzlednever quite certain, for example, whether the historical characters of the first scene were meant to be the prototypes of modern characters. A majority of American cri tics commented on the uniqueness of certain aspects of Top Girls, but they were most concerned with its feminist theme and social meanings. For example, John Beaufort of the Christian Science Monitor called Top Girls a theatrical oddity in which the long view of what has been happening to womankinds top girls combines with a sharp look at contemporary women achievers and a compassionate glance at the plight of an underclass underachiever who will never know the meaning of room at the top. Apart from one cheap shock effect, Miss Churchill has written a advertent and imaginative theater piece. Along similar lines, T. E. Kalem of Time asks in his review, Is the future to be divided between a smart, scrambling upper class of no-holds-barred individualists and a unending underclass of poor souls who are unfit for the survival of the fittest? An unnamed reviewer in Variety added, If its about male manipulation, Top Girls also pointedly involves the in condition(p) mentality of the sist erhood itself, with its inherited sense of role in a masculine or at least male-dominated world. The play seems to be say that women historically have had themselves as well as sexist pigs for enemies. John Simon of New York believes the ideas in Top Girls have universal applicability. This is not easy theater, but funny, fiercely serious, and greatly worth thinking about. Its aporias insoluble contradictions are not only pertinent to women, they also concern the entire, always incomplete, human condition. Top Girls has continued to be performed regularly over the years. Most critics believe the play has withstood the test of time, despite specific references to British prime minster Margaret Thatcher and attitudes specific to the early 1980s.Of a 1991 revival in London, capital of Minnesota Taylor in The Independent argued, What continues to distinguish Top Girls is its cool, objective manner. The scenes in the job agency are almost too cleverly efficient in the way they expose the heartlessness the women have had to assume along with their crisp power-outfits. Churchill permits you to identify with the tricky plight of these characters but she does not ask you to like them. Similarly, Alastair Macaulay of the Financial measure believes, Both as theatre and as politics, Top Girls is exciting and irritating.The dialectic of its final scene, between the Thatcherite Marlene and her socialist sister Joyce rings true as you listen. The footing in which the sisters argue about Thatcherite politics have not dated. Essays and Criticism The Importance of Angie in Top Girls Many critics who have commented on Caryl Churchills Top Girls have focused their praise on the interesting characters and complexities of the scene that opens the play, act 1, scene 1s dinner party. The party is hosted by Top Girls central character, Marlene, and is attended by five guests, all obscure figures from history, literature, and art.Ostensibly, the party is to celebrate the success of Marlene, who has recently been Essays and Criticism 12 promoted to managing director of Top Girls employment agency. The scene also defines many of the plays themes and dramatic tensions. There are a number of critics who share the opinion of Lianne Stevens of the Los Angeles Times. Reviewing a 1986 production of Top Girls in San Diego, California, Stevens writes, outstanding performances cannot rectify the main defect in Churchills play Nothing that comes after is as interesting as having dinner with Pope Joan, Dull Gret, Lady Nijo, Patient Griselda and Isabella Bird. There are, in fact, several aspects of the rest of Top Girls that are as interesting, mostly because of what has been laid out in the dinner party scene. One is the character of Angie, Marlenes sixteen-year-old daughter, whom she allowed her sister Joyce to adopt at birth. Angie plays as pivotal a role in the play as any of the dinner party guests. While there is no doubt that Marlene is at the center of Top Gir ls, and that her character presents hard and conflicted ideas about women, success, power, and employment in the early 1980s, Angie and the dinner guests help to define Marlene as much as Marlenes own actions and comments do.However, the dinner guests were chosen by Marlene, while Angie was an accident Marlene has chosen to have very little contact with and is dismissive of. Each of the dinner guests is an adult woman, though they are fantastic characters who do not really exist in the modern world inhabited by Marlene and the rest of the characters in the play. Marlene turns to them, not to any of the real people depicted in the play, when she wants to celebrate her promotion. While the guests are successful in their own, though not always obvious, ways, their success has come at a price.Lady Nijo suffered many degradations including not being allowed to raise her own children. Marlene is deeply troubled by the story of Patient Griselda, who was humiliated by her husband as a test of her loyalty to him, mostly because she was of a lower class. To get an education, Pope Joan led a life of deception as a male. Though she later became pope, it was her womanhoodher ability to get pregnant and give birth to a child at an inopportune momentthat led to the murder which ended her life. Marlenes choice of guests reveals much about her.First, she does not have anyone in her real life to share her promotion with, suggesting an alienation from real women. Second, the loss of her child still weighs on her, either in her conscious, subconscious, or both. Lady Nijo, Pope Joan, and Patient Griselda all suffer the loss of children. Only Joan is rather indifferent to the death of her infant. Marlene inquires about Dull Gret s children, clearly expressing her interest in the subject. Marlenes question after the one to Gret is rhetorical Oh God, why are we all so miserable? There is a link between unhappiness and the idea of children and loss. Third, Marlene has no real interes t in her own daughter, Angie, though they have more in common than Marlene does with her chosen guests. To understand the importance of Angie, Marlenes character must be better understood. Marlene grew up in an unstable home. Her father worked in the fields, and had a problem with alcohol. Her mother suffered at the hands of her husband, often going hungry and being beaten. Her sister Joyce was older, and did not share either Marlenes need to escape or her intelligence.Despite her background, Marlene managed to create a good life for herself by working hard and apparently acquiring a decent education. She even lived in the United States for several years. The only flaw, the only thing that could have held her back, was when Marlene got pregnant at the age of seventeen. The situation was stressful, and Marlene was in denial for part of the pregnancy. Rather than allow Marlene to give the baby up to strangers, Joyce insisted on adopting Angie, in part because she had no children of he r own.This is a long-standing point of contention between the sisters, though Joyce makes it clear that she would not have approved of any choice Marlene made in the situation except to have had an abortion early on or raise the child herself and not have tried to have a better life. Angie and related petty jealousies are at the heart of their conflict and thus at the center of Top Girls. Yet, Angie is a reviled character. Everyone around Angie dismisses her and believes she has no future. Joyce, her adopted mother, calls her a big lump. She believes Angie will have a hard time getting a job and her best bet in life is to get married, though she cannot imagine who would marry her. Joyce does admit at one point, Shes clever in her own way. Labeling her thick, Marlene, Angies birth mother, tells one of The Importance of Angie in Top Girls 13 her coworkers, Shes not going to make it. She believes Angies future career will be as a Packer in Tesco, nothing as accomplished as working at the employment agency run by Marlene. Kit, her only friend and a twelve-year-old, says to Angie at one point, Stupid fing cow, I hate you. She later tells Angie that she is not sure she even likes her. Kit amends that attitude by telling Joyce I love Angie. The way those around Angie talk about her, it seems like she is useless and incompetent. Joyce especially seems to hammer this idea home directly to Angie. Angie is definitely immature. She talks about being able to move objects with her thoughts, hearing a long-dead deliver in the backyard, and has only one friend, Kit, who is four years younger than her. She has ended her education in remedial classes at the age of sixteen.Yet Angie accomplishes much over the course of Top Girls, more than expected considering how she is talked about. Angie has her own equivalent of the dinner party in act 1, scene 3. She and Kit hide in a foster that they probably made in Joyces backyard. Kit, however, is a real person, unlike the unreal guests at Marlenes. Angie and Kit have a real, if tense, friendship. They make tentative plans to go to the movies. Angie expresses her frustrations to Kit, saying she wants to kill her mother. She tells Kit about her secret, that she believes Marlene is her mother.Angie also says that she will go to London to see her aunt. Kit does not really believe her, though, underscoring that Angie is constantly underestimated by those around her. Another success of Angies is going to London from Suffolk on the bus, and finding her way to Marlenes work place in act 2, scene 1. Joyce and Kit do not think Angie could do such a thing on her own. But Angie wants to escape her life with Joyce and become a success. To that end, she goes to her aunt/mother and hopes to stay with her. Angie has the gumption to ask her aunt for help.She will even sleep on the floor of Marlenes home to have this different, better life, like her aunt/mother. It also creates a situation where Marlene gets her child back, a key point brought up in the dinner party. Angie wants to be with Marlene, to be Marlene, and does what she can to make that happen. Angie wants to be a top girl. Angies first success, though the last in the play since it takes place in act 2, scene 2, is getting Marlene to visit her in the first place. The last scene takes place a year before the rest of the Top Girls.Angie lied to Marlene to get her to visit her and Joyce in Suffolk. She has not seen her aunt/mother since her ninth birthday party. Angie knows that Marlene has had good jobs and has lived in America, and she admires her tremendously. Angie appreciates that Marlene has escaped their neighborhood and become successful, just as Marlene admired that about her fantasy dinner guests. Angie may not have the education or the intelligence that Marlene has, but she wants to do something like what Marlene has done. In this scene, Marlene reveals the key to her success. She proclaims, Im not clever, just pushy. Angie has sho wn that she can be pushy as well over the course of the play, implying that she might have a better future than anyone imagined. In writing about a 1998 production of Top Girls in Los Angeles, California, Don Shirley of the Los Angeles Times argues, Churchill painted a stark picture of Margaret Thatchers Britain as a place where women could end up in either a cushy but heartless career or a dreary life in domestic servitude. This may sound broadly speaking feminist, but the play finally emerges as a more specific attack on Thatcherite insensitivities towards the girls who rent on top. Shirley includes Angie as one who is not on top, but does not see that she could be. Angie is a youngerperhaps dumber but no less ambitiousMarlene. Source Annette Petrusso, in an essay for Drama for Students, Gale Group, 2001. libber Drama The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley Caryl Churchills Top Girls (1983) and Charlotte Keatleys My Mother Said I Never Should (1987) are plays with an all women cast. Men, though present in the stories, are absent from the stage. They refer emotional lieu but not physical berth.At the very outset there is a defining of space, a creation of a feminist world. Feminist Drama The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley 14 Keatley deliberately kept the men offstage to provide a space for the women to interact among themselves, to show the way women use language, silence and subtext when alone together Churchill apparently does it for the purposes of sharing, for as Adrienne Rich has pointed out that unless women are prepared to share their private and sometimes painful personal experience it may not be possible to create a collective description of what is truly a womans world.In both plays women from different generations and backgrounds meet together to share and to interact but with two major differences. Keatleys characters in the child-scenes are child characters and represent the same lineage whereas Churchills characters repr esent several centuries, from the ninth to the present and have altogether different backgrounds.The moment women are placed centre-stage they begin to interact and introspect, to analyze and to criticize they cease to look at themselves through the male gaze, instead they begin to problematize their conflicts and the involuntary processes of their bodies. By defining space in female terms, women are transformed from objects into subjects and their passive acceptance of gendered roles is turned into an analysis of socially enforce codes of behaviour. Plays by women need not be feminist, just as plays about women are not always so.But plays which concern themselves with women as subjects and explore their emotional realities engender a feminist perspective. The sixties and the seventies witnessed the rise of womens theatre groups and collectives and a consciousness about womens roles. This was the beginning of a feminist theatre with, as already stated, overtly political aims. Women through exploring and talking about their experiences opened out their role confines, created female traditions and entered areas hitherto forbidden to them.Several all-women plays were also written. Megan Terrys Calm Down, Mother (1965) was a transformation exercise for women and hailed by Helene Keyssar as the first real feminist play, while her later Babes in the Bighouse (1974) was about women prisoners and closed spaces where violence became a natural inhabitant. Eve Merriam s pop out of Our Fathers House (1975) was a projection of the struggles of exceptional women, while Wendy Wassersteins Uncommon Women and Others (1977) examined the role conflicts in a lighter vein.Maria Irene Forness Fefu and Her Friends (1977) is located in the thirties and is a powerful statement about the violence implicit in heterosexual relationships it is as Schuler has pointed out impossible to ignore that explicit reassessment of patriarchy (226) present in the play. Marsha Normans night, Mother , coming out the same year as Top Girls (1983), is a tense kitchen drama about a mother and a daughter with the daughter at the end committing suicide behind a locked door. Plays with an all-women cast make a specific statement even before they put this female space to different and individual use.They discard supportive roles for women and provide them with the freedom to relate directly to each other rather than through sons and husbands, Language, space and the body are loci for the woman playwright to dramatically challenge the images of women determined in dominant discourse (Hart), Memory, history, the past are evoked for different reasons. Time too becomes an important factor, often being projected non-chronologically. Both Top Girls and My Mother create hypothetical situations which are historically not possible but are rendered so spatially and proceed to become emotional questionings.Both are 3-act plays but while Churchill after an initial juxtaposition of the past and th e present moves on, Keatley keeps on coming back to the childhood scene which is a conjunction of 1905, 1941, 1961 and 1979. Top Girls in the first act evokes the past, somewhat like Eve Merriams Out of Our Fathers House where six women are presented together in a hypothetical conversation. They act out both for themselves and each other the stories of their lives. It is a journey into selfhood, and at each step they need reassurance from their own elves. They belong to the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, Caryl Churchill, however, builds on a wider canvas and the dramatic purpose of the bringing together of six women from different backgrounds and periods is very different. The first act of Top Girls is in the nature of a prologue where Marlene, a top executive in an employment agency is hosting a dinner for five other women, three of whom are from the Feminist Drama The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley 15 pages of history, and two from the world of male vision.Pope Joan, a ninth century Pope who achieved this through cross-gendering, Lady Nijo an emperors concubine and later a Buddhist nun, and Isabella Bird, a nineteenth century explorer are the three real women. Dull Gret, a woman from Breughels 16th century painting and Patient Griselda from the pages of Petrarch, Boccaccio and Chaucer are the two others (Note the words dull and patient). Each one of themexcept Griseldahas in some way violated the social code as imposed upon them. Joan learnt Latin, ran away from home disguised as a boy and later became a pope.But yielding to passion, she conceives and is detected during childbirth. Male priests have fathered children, but she has never learnt to understand or live with her body, thus alienated from this most fundamental space she might own, she pays for it with death. Lady Nijo on the other hand accepts the code but renders it hollow by creating space for herself. Handed over to the Emperor as his concubine, she takes lovers to fulfill her emot ional needs. Out of favour with the Emperor she takes holy orders as directed by her father, but instead of being confined in a convent, she walks the comprehensiveness and length of Japan.But she does this at the price of motherhood. Isabella Bird also has to sacrifice marriage and family life in search of adventure. Because she is a woman, she finds it difficult to accept the idea of living for herself alone and therefore occupies herself with good causes. As contrasted with these women from real life, who have individually made space for themselves, questioned patriarchal structures like religion, ownership, love and motherhood, the two women from the world of imagination are limited in their projections.Griseldas life reads like a fairytalea peasant woman married into the aristocracy, and children whom she had given up for dead restored to her later. The price of her marriage is unquestioning obedience to her husbands command which is first the taking away of her son and her da ughter and later being turned out of her house. Griselda does not question her husbands right over her, nor does she resist his orders. Her case, like Nijos, is one where motherhood has been reduced to an institution under male control (Rich). Dull Gret is also single given(p) like Griselda. If for Griselda it is surrender, for Gret it is anger.These five women have got together to celebrate Marlenes success and as they share experiences they question patriarchal structures either directly like Joan and Isabelle, or athwart like Nijo, or silently through victimization like Griselda. Travel is a major theme for Joan, Nijo and Isabella. They travel in their different dresses, Joan in her papal robes, Nijo in her silkgowns and later her nuns habit, and Isabella in her full blue trousers and great brass spurs. (Dress also specifies space. Masculine dress does not constrain the womens private space, though, in the long run, there is no social recognition of that space. Travel opens out new worlds and spaces. Their coming together in the first act provides a dramatic family tree of Marlenes historical community (Keyssar). The second act is the in-between act with 3 scenes. The first and the third are located in Marlenes office, the second in Joyce, her sisters, backyard. The office scenes have two interviews inbuilt into them, one with Jeanine and the other with Louise, Marlenes two clients a competitive scene between Nell and Win and Marlenes interactions with Angie and with Mrs. Kidd.The themes of these two scenes are a replay of the themes introduced in Act OneJeanine who is torn between marriage and a career, Louise who at the end of twenty years finds herself sidetracked by younger men, Nell and Win who lack to go places both literally and figuratively but Marlene has occupied the place at the top and Mrs. Kidd who has come to plead for her husband who has been superseded by Marlene. Mrs. Kidd tells Marlene Whats it going to do to him working for a woman? I think if it was a man hed get over it as something normal. Its me that bears the brunt. I put him first every move on of the way. It had crossed my mind if you were unavailable after all for some reason, he would be the natural second choice I think, dont you? (58-59) In her view Marlene is brachydactylous in her determination to be at the top and shell end up lonely and miserable. Feminist Drama The Politics of the Self Churchill and Keatley 16 The backdrop of the office room is confined and provides limited space where competition and aggression and violation of territorial rights go hand in hand.The middle scene sandwiched between these two office scenes is in a backyard in a shelter made of junk by children. It is a hiding place, away from the taboos and restrictions of the adult world. Kit and Angie talk about running away from home, they talk about travel, about the reality of their menstrual blood which flows from hidden spaces and their love-hate relationship to the a dult world. Later Kit seeks shelter from rain within the precincts of her friends house while Angie herself is left outside with a feeling of rejection. The third act moves backwards in time. It takes place a year earlier than the second act.It is a confrontation scene between Marlene and her sister Joyce. They open out their past, the suppressed, sibling rivalry, Marlenes need to escape from her background, Joyces support, the birth of Marlenes daughter Angie, and her bankers acceptance by Joyce, Joyces miscarriage, and her separation from her husband Frank. Women sacrifice their motherhood for a career but at times they also have to sacrifice their marriage for their motherhood. Joyce is denied space within her marriage while Marlene is aware that men want her to turn into the little woman which she is not prepared to do.In all this it is Angie who feels confused and dispossessed. Keatleys play is also a three-act play with the first act having ten scenes and moving between 1905 and 1979. The second act is one uninterrupted scene located in 1982, and the third act is placed in 1987 diving back, towards the end, to 1923. There are five child-scenes spread over the playAct I sc. 1, sc. 3 and sc. 8, and Act three sc. 3 and sc. 6 which act like a conjunction of events, like a voice from the past, like an abandonment of the chronological process. The movement of the play can be seen from the graph.The conjunction scene is shown as a circle with four different time streams flowing together. Covering four generations, it covers several