Industrial Instrumentation On Load Cells Engineering Essay

Load cells are detectors which are used to mensurate the degree or force per unit area by change overing the force ( torsion or mass ) into electrical signals and so these signals are displayed by the show unit to demo the degree or force per unit area. Load cells are besides known as burden transducers. In dictionary, a burden cell is known as â€Å" weight mensurating device necessary for electronic signal that displays weight in the signifier of figures. † Load cells can be classified harmonizing to their operations: Load cells that utilize liquid force per unit area or air force per unit area. Load cells that utilize snap. Load cells that utilize a magnetostriction or piezoelectric consequence. The strain gage burden cell is the largely used among the all sorts of burden cells. Therefore, when we say â€Å" burden cell, † we are largely mentioning to strive gauge burden cells. Although there are many other measurement devices, such as piezoelectric detectors, magnetostrictive detectors, electrical capacity detector and other detectors.1.2-Types of Load cellsStrain gage burden cells Tension burden cells Pneumatic burden cells Hydraulic burden cells Shear Load Cells Compression Load Cells Bending Load Cells Ringing Torsion Load Cells Pancake Load Cells Single Point Load Cells1.3-Strain Gauge Load CellsThis is a type of burden cell which is usage to mensurate the degree of any storage vas.1.3.1-Working ruleWhen force per unit area is applied on a music director its length alterations due to which opposition of the music director alterations and relation to the alteration in opposition show unit displays the alteration in degree.1.3.2-Construction and workingA strain gage is consists of a long length music director which is arranged in zig-zag manner on the flexible membrane which is exposed to the applied force per unit area country. This music director is connected in a wheat rock span as a resistance and when force per unit area or weight is applied on the membrane which is connected to the music director it gets stretched and due to stretching the length of the music director alterations and due to alter in length the opposition of the music director additions. These are normally four or a multiple of four, are connected into a wheat rock span constellation in order to change over the really little alteration in the opposition into the suited electrical signal. As these gages are combination of mechanical and electrical constituents so the mechanical parts are located at the site but electrical parts are in the control suites due to their environmental and temperature sensitivenesss. And the wires used for the transmittal of the signals besides have their ain opposition so that opposition besides considered during their building. The accommodation and arrangement of the strain gage burden cell in the wheat rock span and its working phenomena is shown in the undermentioned diagrams. Strain gage burden cells are placed at the underside of the vass largely to mensurate the degree of the column or vas. 00204.png Figure Figure 00205.png1.3.3-AdvantagesStrain gage burden cells are used in automotive industry to look into the structural public presentations of the stuff used in doors, goons, short pantss etc. Strain gage burden cells can be usage for weighing intents. Strain gage burden cells can besides be usage for stuff testing in procedure industry besides. Strain gage burden cells are besides used in tensile trial machines as a major constituent. Strain gage burden cells truth is 0.07 % of the rated capacity Strain gage burden cells can be used for both enlargement and compaction. Strain gage burden cells are less dearly-won so largely used in the industry.1.3.4-DisadvantagesStrain gage burden cells require uninterrupted electric energy for the production and show of signals. Strain gage burden cells besides requires an elaboration circuit for the coevals of end product show because the signals produced by the gage itself are of really much low electromotive force about in milli Vs. Strain gage burden cells can non be used for the force per unit area measuring of extremely reactive or caustic stuffs because they can damage the gage. Strain gage burden cells can non be used for the measuring of really high force per unit area if the stop usage is of plastic.1.4-Tension Load CellsThis is another type of burden cell which is besides usage to step to the degree.1.4.1-Working PrincipleIt consists of a vibrating wire transducer, fixed in a thick-vessel metallic cylinder, designed to supply a extremely stable and sensitive agencies of supervising tensile tonss in weighing systems, like procedure weighing systems and batch systems. As the applied burden additions on the burden cells the force on the internal vibrating wire besides increases by altering its tenseness, and therefore the resonating frequence of the vibrating wire. The frequence is measured and relative to the applied weight.1.4.2-Construction and workingThe chief portion of this burden cell is strain gauged stop which is for good secured in the transducer shell. The transducer is fitted with a metallic oculus leting in line connexion to the deliberation system, and a metallic hook, attached to the sensitive stop, provides a agency by which weight is applied in a suspended manner. The burden cell is vented to the ambiance to extinguish barometric effects for the upper limit or optimal truth. The signal overseas telegram which is attached to the burden cell is connected with the control room where these signals can be monitored. Figure There are besides some Thermistors placed inside its shell which are used to mensurate the temperature of the working fluid or vas. Degree centigrade: UsersAlY RaZaAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordUntitled.png1.4.3-AdvantagesThe chief advantage of the tenseness burden cell is that it is extremely sensitive and stable. As it is a vibrating component wire detector and its end product is frequency so it is non affected by the alteration in the overseas telegram opposition and therefore long signal overseas telegrams are non jobs. The frequence of the vibrating wire is measured by either the portable read-out box or informations lumberman. So it can give more accurate readings. The end product signal scopes in the electromotive force from 0 to 5 Vs so there is no elaboration unit required and therefore the cost lessenings. The rated capacity of the tortuosity burden cell is from 10 kilograms to 15 kilograms. The truth of the tortuosity burden cells is A ±0.1 % The temperature ranges for the working or operation of the tortuosity burden cells is -20A °C to +80A °C. Such types of transducers have about zero impetus and have besides really low consequence of temperature on its truth.1.4.4-DisadvantagesThis type of burden cells can non be used for high temperature fluids to happen degree or weight of fluid incorporating column. This type of burden cells can non besides be used for high capacities or for big armored combat vehicles column or weight measurings. This type of burden cell is extremely affected by the high temperatures due to its sensitive nature of the detection wire.1.5-Pneumatic Load CellsThis is another type of burden cells which are usage to mensurate the weight in the industry and these are used for low capacity.1.5.1-Working PrincipleThis type of burden cells works on â€Å" the force-balance rule. †1.5.2-The Force-Balance PrincipleThe inertial force produced by a seismal land gesture shifts the mass from its original equilibrium place, and the alteration in place or speed of the mass is so interpreted into an electric signal. This rule is for low scope burden cells. For long scope burden cells the inertial force is balanced with an electrically generated force so that the mass moves every bit low as possible.1.5.3-Working of pneumatic burden cellThis sort of burden cells consist of a detection component which is exposed to the site or the vas of which force per unit area or lying unstable weight is to be measured. And in this sort of burden cell the force reassigning medium is air as comparison to the any other fluid in instance of hydraulic burden cell. When force is applied by the lying fluid on the feeling portion of the burden cell it transfers this force to the inside air and so this force is applied on the potentiometer which is placed in the wheat rock span. As the force is applied on the feeling portion of the burden cell the opposition of the variable opposition potentiometer alterations due to this force and therefore the possible equilibrium between the oppositions is disturbed and this shows the magnitude of the applied force on the feeling component by exposing it on the show unit. Figure pneumatic.gif Another technique which is largely used in such sort of burden cells is the use of the piezoelectric crystals. In this sort the detection component transportations applied force to the interior fluid ( air ) and it imparts this force on the crystal. And due to the application of the applied force on the crystal by agencies of air its construction gets disturbed and due to disturbance in the construction the possible across the crystal alterations and this alteration in the possible across the crystal is detected by the voltmeter and so this electromotive force is converted into weight of force units and displayed on the exposing unit. Most of the clip wheat rock span is used for this sort of burden cell and there is merely variable resistance largely used while other resistances in the wheat rock span are of fixed opposition.1.5.4-AdvantagesThey are largely used on smaller tons when safety and protection are of premier concern. They are better in truth as comparison to the hydraulic burden cells because there is no alteration in the denseness and truth of the fluid being used for the transportation of applied force. They besides preferred on the hydraulic burden cells because there is no usage of liquid in these sorts of burden cells. These types of burden cells are inherently explosion cogent evidence and insensitive to temperature fluctuations. As they contain no fluids so there is no job of taint of the procedure if the stop gets ruptured. Pneumatic burden cells are besides used to mensurate little weights that depend upon cleanliness and safety.1.5.5-DisadvantagesThe chief disadvantage of these types of burden cells is that they can non be used for high measure measuring. Although they are really resistive to the temperature effects but their truth even acquire disturbed at really high temperature.1.6-Hydraulic Load CellsThis is another type of burden cells which are used to mensurate the magnitude of the applied force and their transition to the electric signals and its digital show.1.6.1-Working PrincipleThis type of burden cells besides work on â€Å" the force-balance rule. † The difference between the pneumatic burden cell and hydraulic burden cell is merely the transferring medium. In instance of pneumatic burden cell the force reassigning medium is air while in hydraulic burden cells the force reassigning medium is largely liquid or incompressible oil which is besides known as break oil.1.6.2-Construction and workingHydraulic burden cell consists of a fluid which act as a force reassigning medium and a piezoelectric crystal which is usage to change over this applied force into possible difference and so there is an agreement for the transition of this possible difference in footings of weight or force per unit area. There is a stop which is usage to feel the force exerted from the external side and the whole shell in which this complete cell is enclosed. When the force per unit area or weight by the vas or column is applied on the stop of the burden cell it sense that force and so transportations this force to the fluid which is filled in the shell of this burden cell. Then this force is transferred to the piezoelectric crystal by the fluid or oil and this oil transfers this force by the Pascal ‘s jurisprudence. So when the force is transferred by the oil it disturbs the internal construction of the piezoelectric crystal and due to this alteration in the construction of the piezoelectric crystal a possible difference is generated across the piezoelectric crystal. This possible difference is detected by the electric sensor and electric signal is transferred to the show unit to expose the magnitude of the applied force, weight or force per unit area. Figure Hydraulic.gif1.6.3-AdvantagesThese are largely use to happen the weight of the stuff in the storage armored combat vehicles, bin or hopper. The end product given by these types of burden cells is additive and largely unaffected by the sum of the filling fluid ( oil ) or by its temperature. If the hydraulic burden cells have been decently installed and calibrated so truth is largely within 0.25 % full graduated table or better and this is acceptable for most procedure weighing applications. As these types of burden cells have no electrical constituents therefore it is ideal for usage in risky or caustic countries. For more accurate measuring, the weight of the armored combat vehicle should be obtained by turn uping a burden cell at different points and summing their end products.1.6.4-DisadvantagesOne disadvantage of this type of burden cell is that the elastomeric stop limits the maximal force that can be applied on the Piston or stop to about 1,000 psig. Electronic pari-mutuel machine is required in instance of acquiring more accurate reading by summing the readings of the single burden cells. Another disadvantage of hydraulic burden cell is that they are expensive and are complex to utilize.1.7-Shear Load CellsThis is another type of burden cells which is usage to mensurate the weight or the degree of the column incorporating fluid or some stuff.1.7.1-Working PrincipleThis type of burden cells works on the shear of the web. A web of an elastic stuff is inserted at some degree in the vas or storage armored combat vehicle and a shear emphasis exerted by the unstable column stretches the web harmonizing to the burden of the unstable column. Therefore by mensurating the shear emphasis the degree or weight of the fluid in a column can be measured.1.7.2-Construction and workingThis type of burden cells consists of a web and a frame which is movable and the web is fixed with this frame. There are strain gages which are straight connected with this web and step the weight or degree of the column by mensurating the shear emphasis exerted by the liquid nowadays in the column on the web. As the web is inserted in the liquid column, liquid exerts the force on this web as this web is stretchy and elastic so it gets stretched and this stretched province of the web is sensed by the strain gages. This web is inserted in the liquid column perpendicular to the axis of the column. Then strain gages transfers the mensural value of the shear emphasis exerted by the tallness of the liquid column to the electrical transducers which converts it into electrical signals and so transmits it to the show unit to expose the mensural value of the weight in footings of degree or force per unit area as we required. Figure1.7.3-AdvantagesShear burden cells are popular now for all type of mediums and for high capacities. Shear-web is non limited to merely beam constellations. Shear-web detection component is besides being used by high capacity BSP and USP in a more complex manner. Shear burden cell engineering is besides being used in rearward transducers. Shear tonss cells can readily be sealed and can be protected from the environmental effects.1.7.4-DisadvantagesShear burden cells have comparatively little sensitiveness at the burden point so can non be used for little graduated table measurings. Shear burden cells are expensive as comparison to the strain gages. Shear burden cells are delicate merely because of the web which is really delicate and can be easy damage due to overload fro few minutes even.

Assisted Suicide Essay

If you’re suffering from excruciating pain and there’s no hope you will recover and doctors are keeping you alive for as long as you can take for no reason, would you want them to â€Å"pull the plug†? Assisted suicide is mostly legal in 16 countries. In the U.S. assisted suicide is legal in Washington, Oregon, Vermont and Montana does not specifically address physician-assisted suicide but have no laws against it and physicians who practice it are shielded from prosecution. Assisted suicide is a controversy because too many people it’s against their religion. Assisted suicide is considered to be inhumane to some people because some people say that animals are put down, not human beings. Also some believe that some people might take advantage of assisted suicide. It’s a choice that some people might want to take if they’re suffering. Most of the people that are against assisted suicide say it’s because it’s against their religio n. Others believe it is inhumane and say it violates a fundamental tenet of medicine by contradicting the doctor’s role as a healer to end a person’s life (murder) even if they are suffering. Assisted suicide should be legal everywhere because if you do not believe in it then you don’t have to choose that option, but people that believe in it should be able to choose. Many physicians believe assisted suicide should be legal and terminally ill patients should have the choice to end their suffering. If you have the right to live, shouldn’t you have the right to die? If you have the right to live, shouldn’t you have the right to die? â€Å"When such people ask for assistance in exercising their right to die, their wishes should be respected† This quote from Claire Andre (page 1) is stating that someone who is asking to end their suffering from a terminal illness/disease that their wish should be honored and respected. Claire is trying to prove that assisted suicide should be respected if one has the desires to end their  life but only from a terminally illness/disease. She is stating that it’s actually inhumane to keep someone alive as long as possible through medical treatment. If the doctors know that a patient won’t recover they should be able to ask the patient if they want the option of getting a high dose of medicine that will end their suffering. Most people who are against assisted suicide have no reason besides that it’s against their religion because it’s â€Å"technically† suicide. Others say that it’s inhumane and it’s â€Å"technically† murder because you’re taking someone’s life. Also some people think that some people that are having family issues or people who are in debt might try to take advantage of assisted suicide. Dr. Ann McPherson, a 64-year-old GP from Oxford, has been diagnosed with breast cancer. After 14 years of being diagnosed she now has terminal pancreatic cancer and secondary cancer in her lungs. She is only taking her morphine and she does not receive cancer treatment anymore. â€Å"Assisted dying is something I have considered. I have no idea if I want it, that depends on how my dying goes. But I want it to be there.† â€Å"I feel very strongly that palliative care should include assisted dying, I call it assisted dying, not assisted su icide, because suicide has connotations of something bad, running away. I think the law is inhuman as it stands and I think the  ­public is ahead of the lawmakers on this.† (Page 1) she believes that making it illegal to have a physician end ones suffering is inhumane and should be reconsidered. Also no one would be able to take advantage of assisted suicide because there are protocols and you have to be terminally ill. To those who believe that assisted suicide â€Å"technically† suicide and against their religion are wrong. How can it be inhumane if it’s their choice to end their own suffering? If God loved you he wouldn’t want you to suffer through terminally illnesses/ diseases he would want you to be able to end your suffering. Dr. Ann McPherson calls it assisted dying because she believes that suicide is just as excuse to end your problems or run away. Maybe some people are just against assisted suicide because of the name and haven’t looked into it. Maybe if they used the name â€Å"Euthanasia† or â€Å"Assisted dying† more often people might look at it different. Dr. Ann McPherson also has a husband, children, and grandchildren. She states that she wants her family to be there for her and she said â€Å"I don’t want to go to  Zurich, to some anonymous facility; I would want to do it in my own bed. I have a husband, three children and five grandchildren and I would like them to be there if that is the route I go down, though I don’t want them to be directly involved. A professional should be able to do that.† (Page 2). She doesn’t want her family to take part in her death but if she was able to choose that path she would want her family to be there. Also if someone asked a physician to help them assist suicide and they were not terminally ill but they had life problems, they should and would be turned away. Assisted suicide is a way out of suffering from illness and diseases not life issues. There have been only 5 countries to fully legalize assisted suicide and only 3 states (soon to be 4) in the United States. The other 11 countries have no law against suicide/ assisted suicide. Assisted suicide is starting to appear in many court cases around the world and is starting to be considered worldwide. Some countries have no laws about assisting a suicide or suicide itself but do have laws like â€Å"failure to assist a person in danger†, â€Å"an assisted with manslaughter†, â€Å"accessory to murder†, and even â€Å"murder† is brought up in cases that involves someone assisting someone in suicide. While Oregon, Washington State, Vermont and Montana permit physician-assisted suicide, Montana’s Supreme Court determined that assisted suicide is a medical treatment. â€Å"We find no indication in Montana laws that physician aid in dying provided to terminally ill, mentally competent adult patients is against public policy† and therefor e, the physician who assists is shielded from criminal liability by the patient’s consent.†(Page 1) The Montana Supreme Court states that physicians may assist patients in ending their lives with a high dosage of legal drugs. â€Å"The state’s living-will law provides the basis for the practice† said by the Montana Supreme Court (page 1). Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, and the United States (Washington, Oregon, Vermont, and Montana) have legalized assisted suicide. More countries are starting to move toward legalizing assisted suicide/ euthanasia. In 1997 Colombia’s Supreme Court ruled that penalties/ criminal offenses for mercy killing should be removed. They haven’t legalized assisted suicide but are leading towards it. In the United Kingdom a man named Martin who is 46 years old suffered from a brainstem stroke. He is completely paralyzed everywhere except for his eyelids. He has a computer in which he stares at 24/7, that recognizes one letter at a time as Martin blinks and stares at it. He uses his eyes to spell out his desires, frustrations and anger on his computer. He wants to go to court for an assurance that any professional person/ physician who helps him to die/†pull the plug† will not be prosecuted. The doctors said that he could live for years in his state and even his wife is trying to help him fight for the right to die. He describes his life as â€Å"S-H-I-T† and he just wants to die (page 1). The United Kingdom’s laws are suicide is not a crime but assisting a suicide is. Martin is fighting for his right to die and the United Kingdom is debating it. This shows that more and more countries are starting to consider legalizing assisted suicide and they are real izing that in some situations it should be allowed. Assisted suicide should be legalized, allowed, and accepted everywhere .More and more countries are legalizing assisted suicide every year. There should be a choice for someone who is terminally ill and suffering to end their life without anyone being prosecuted. If you don’t believe in assisted suicide then you don’t have to choose that option. A person who is suffering from a terminal illness/disease should have the right to die, no doubt. If you believe it’s inhumane to end ones suffering how is it not inhumane to keep someone who is suffering alive by a machine keeping them alive. If suicide is against your religion then you don’t have to choose assisted suicide, but would God really want you to suffer, no. Also if the name â€Å"assisted suicide† is the reason you’re against it, call it euthanasia. If you believe that it violates a fundamental tenet of medicine by contradicting the doctor’s role as a healer to end a person’ s life (murder) even if they are suffering, you are most definitely wrong. It’s inhumane to keep someone alive who is suffering and have asked you to end their suffering by using an overdose of medicine to make their passing painless and quick. If you have the right to live, shouldn’t you have the right to die? The answer is yes because why/how can it be a crime to commit suicide or assist suicide by a physician? How can you possibly be punished and also why should a Judge be able decide whether you live or not? Assisted suicide  should be legal and not have to have a Judge decide your life. Some people might say its â€Å"technically† suicide and some people might say its â€Å"technically† murder. How on earth is it either of those? First off you are just trying to end your suffering if you choose assisted suicide and a physician assisting a patient’s suicide/death isn’t (should not be considered) murder. The physician is just helping them ease away their suffering. All around the world countries are debating wh ether or not to legalize assisted suicide. More countries every year are legalizing it and already 4 states of the United States have approved it. In some countries if you assist a suicide you could be charged from â€Å"failure to assist someone in danger† to â€Å"murder†. Most people who have been charged with assisting a suicide were let off. The charges were acquitted but not after fighting them in court. Learning more about assisted suicide and suicide in general would give more people more knowledge about assisted suicide and why it should be legalized. Most people were taught very young that killing yourself/someone is very bad so every time the topic about assisted suicide by physician comes up they say it’s wrong to kill yourself and it’s wrong to kill someone. They do not have the slightest clue that assisted suicide is helping suffering people and their families watch them suffer. It would bring peace to the person who is suffering and to their family to know that their suffering has ended. So shouldn’t we have the right to die, if we also have the right to live? If you are suffering from a terminally illness/disease or terrible accident where you can no longer eat, clean, use the bathroom, change clothes, and even adjust yourself wouldn’t you want the option of assisted suicide.

Christianity and the Identity of Jesus Essay

Although Muslims believe in one God, as do Christians, they reject as heresy that this one God is three persons. For more detail on what Christians believe on this, see the slot we did on this a few weeks ago which is posted on our website. For now, let’s suffice to say that Muslims reject the idea of God being three in one. Especially, the Qu’ran (main holy book of Islam) is strong on saying that Jesus isn’t God; ‘Isa (Jesus) was simply a created human being, and a slave of Allah’ An-Nisa’ 4:172 Jesus is given great honour in the Qu-ran, his status as a prophet and as a miracle-worker, even as God’s Christ is strongly affirmed. But he’s not God. In contrast the Bible is adamant that far from being just a created being, that Jesus is God himself become a human being. ‘In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God†¦The Word became flesh and dwelt among us.’ John 1:1 and 14 The Islamic and Christian views of Jesus: a comparison The person of Jesus or Isa in Arabic (peace be upon him) is of great significance in both Islam and Christianity. However, there are differences in terms of beliefs about the nature and life occurrences of this noble Messenger. Source of information about Jesus in Islam Most of the Islamic information about Jesus is actually found in the Quran. The Quran was revealed by God to Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), and memorized and written down in his lifetime. Today, anyone who calls him or herself a Muslim believes in the complete authenticity of the Quran as the original revealed guidance from God. Source of information about Jesus in Christianity Christians take their information about Jesus from the Bible, which includes the Old and New Testaments. These contain four biblical narratives covering the life and death of Jesus. They have been written, according to tradition, respectively by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. They are placed at the beginning of the New Testament and comprise close to half of it. Encyclopedia Britannica notes that none of the sources of his life and work can be traced to Jesus himself; he did not leave a single known written word. Also, there are no contemporary accounts written of his life and death. What can be established about the historical Jesus depends almost without exception on Christian traditions, especially on the material used in the composition of the Gospels of Mark, Matthew, and Luke, which reflect the outlook of the later church and its faith in Jesus. Below are the views of Islam and Christianity based on primary source texts and core beliefs.

German History Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

German History - Coursework Example Other aspects of Romanticism included basic education, natural science and political impact. There are a number of reasons that led to the emergence and development of Romanticism in Germany as outlined below. (a) Increase in the interest in foreign literature and philosophy after the 1800. The Germans were eager to get in touch with literary works from other countries such as the United States and other European countries. (b) Romanticism was regarded in Germany as a form of human philosophy. This is because it elevated the right of individual at the center of every activity as well as promoting general respect for human capabilities in the country. Industrial Revolution was greatly picking up in Germany so Romanticism emerged as a way of advocating for human rights and speaking against the ever rising materialism in the country. (c) Increased dissatisfaction with the inadequacy witnessed in spirituality by the existing religions led to the rise of Romanticism. Some people in Germany felt that the void could only be filled by art and visual expressions (Hagen, 36) Hannah is a German born writer and a political theorist. She was lived in the period between 1906 and 1975. She has been described as a great philosopher who declined the title on the grounds that the term is mainly concerned with men and instead she opted to be referred as a political theorist. Her works mainly majored on the nature of power, democracy in the current world, political subjects, totalitarianism and authority at various levels. The Hannah Arendt prize has been named in her honor and to commemorate her great contributions. Some of her books include The Origins of Totalitarianism which gave an account of the origin and emergence of Nazism and Stalinism. The human condition was her most influential work that focused on politics, society and various theories developed by other earlier scholars on labor and politics.

Space Age Furniture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Space Age Furniture - Essay Example Space Age Furniture manufactures tables and cabinets to hold portable televisions and microwave ovens. It has the part no. 3079 which is used in two subassemblies, no. 435 used in Gemini TV stand and no.257 used in the Saturn Microwave. Using a lot size of 1,000; Using the master schedule, in week 1, 600 Gemini and 300 Saturn were made. Here, parts no. 435 and 257 were use in the subassemblies and part 3079 were also each used in each sub assemblies to make the final products. Therefore, to make the final product in week one; To improve the over sub-assemblies in lot sizes of 1,000, the management can increase the demand for the final product so that, all the sub-assemblies produced can be used in the production of the final product (Gray, 2000). For this mater, any week when sub-assemblies of lot sizes 1,000 are produced and the number is higher than the minimum required, the rest can be used for production in the next or the following week following the week in question. For this problem, if the sub-assemblies of lot sizes 1,000 have produced a lumpy demand for part no. 3079, it therefore means that, the demand for the different subassemblies such as part no. 257 and part no. 435 must also increase, hence increasing the demand for the subassemblies used to produce the final product. To make good use of this, the over demanded quantity of part no. 3079 can be used to produce more final products to boost profits (Magee, 2010). Any overtime work, the machinist is paid a 50% premium. If he is paid $22 on normal working hours, it means, during overtime, he is paid $11. On the other hand, inventory costs include $0.25 to hold any part per week and it also costs $0.75 to hold the sub-assemblies in inventory per week. This means that it costs $1 to hold all these components in the inventory per week. It means therefore that, for every hour, overtime is paid at $11, for a whole week, there are 40-hours worked. It therefore shows that, the on each unit produced,

Policy in the Human Services Assignment #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policy in the Human Services #2 - Assignment Example The different stages right from deciding on the agenda or issue for which the policy is needed to be framed to the implementation of the final policy is effectively reflected in the following diagram. The policy making stages reflect after identification of the issue for designing of the policy, reflects on evaluating the problems and the different options for setting up of the policy. After the selection of the right or favorable option the policy making process focuses on generation of legislative and regulatory procedures for designing of the policy before implementing the same to bring about necessary changes. The process of designing or generating a policy is also observed as an effective cycle of different types of activities that are conducted in a specific order. The different types of activities that are conducted in a chronological fashion are identified as recognition of the problems or issues based on which the agenda can be constituted, analysis of the policy to be made, evaluation of the tools for designing of the policy, making effective consultation and collaboration with interested stakeholders, coordinating with other principal areas, formulation of decisions re lated to the policy, implementation of the decision made and finally evaluating the potentiality of the implementation phase in meeting the policy objectives. The above discussion is diagrammatically as follows. Work Life Inc. is a company that works as a consultancy in the generation of effective strategic and marketing solutions for different companies operating in the services sector. Mainly based in United States, the company is currently observed to focus on becoming a multinational company through setting up of branches in different parts of the world both in developed and developing nations. In its bid to internationalize, the company aims in generating a policy framework on incorporating a diversified workforce that

Discussion 2 KJr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 2 KJr - Essay Example ensibly illuminates that in "front-seat driving," an individual engages in an active and purposeful thinking process while in "back-seat driving," the individual’s mind is passive and the thinking process is associational. In "front-seat driving," the individual directs and controls each thinking process taking note of signs and the overall progression of the thinking process just as a driver would take full and sentient control of the car. Contrary, in "back-seat driving," an individual is merely a passive contemplator, not directing the development of his thought but notes whatever his subconscious feeds him hence the conclusion that they finally reach in their thinking process is directed by random images, memories and emotions rather than reasoning. I have seen this happen in class when the instructor asks students to think why they fail in certain modules. Most of them end up thinking temporarily about their passing friends, difficulty of the content and their family backgrounds in a jumbled and illogical manner that is never conclusive or illuminative. In the scale, the unfocused side is characterized by a state of bewilderment, of mental fog while the focused side is characterized by luminous awareness, mental clarity, and consciousness. However, our ability to focus resembles a dimmer light switch since many people are in the intermediate categories between focused and unfocused. The level of ‘focus’ is continuum and not only ‘focused’ or

Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Assignment 5 - Essay Example It is one of the causes for discrimination prevailing in the minds of individuals that lead them to make bias decisions for people belonging to different racial and ethnic background. Barrack Obama is symbolized because of the skin color. It has been evident in the history that Americans were perceived as corrupt and impure. As the commander in chief is a black American, due to this he has been symbolized with inferiority, the commander in chief can face great threats. In order to provide evidence to this perception Ridley in the video shows the past historical evidences in the ancient civilization and their perceptions and experiences with a particular race or caste (Griffin 132). In a similar manner, as one of the symbolic expressions of the nation towards the other nation can create a major difference due to which Barrack Obama can face severe threats on racial and ethnic grounds. Symbolic expression of religion is one the major cause of the discrimination at workplaces. Some of the employees at the workplace develop preference in the workplace because of their religious backgrounds. Religious icons at workplaces can create strains and discrimination among the other employees (especially minorities) on the bases of skin, racial and ethnic backgrounds. (Griffin 129). Al-Qaeda can be identified as a greatest example for religious symbolizing and oppression due to which most of the security and other organization have symbolized Muslims as terrorist. It has globally impacted Muslim individuals throughout the world. The symbolic expression of the Al-Qaeda has created an image of oppression in the mind of people for all Muslims in the world. In order to overcome the fragmentation in the retailing system, the firm should sell products either to the import agents or wholesalers. It shall allow the organization to enter in too fragmented retailing system in India with better

Air Pollution in America Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Air Pollution in America - Term Paper Example This is due to the fact as time goes by, people breathe in so many things that can be considered liter of air. In the course of a day, we breathe 5,000 to 15,000 liters of air. With each breath, we inhale life-sustaining oxygen, which is absorbed in our lungs and carried throughout our body. Air also contains pollutants, including pollen, microbes, particles such as soot and dust, and gases such as carbon monoxide-substances that can harm the human body. Contact with these harmful substances, which are filtered through the lungs and can also irritate the eyes and skin, triggers several defense mechanisms such as coughing, sneezing, and the production of secretions. When these defense mechanisms are overwhelmed, human tissue is damaged or destroyed. Chronic or severe exposure may hasten the onset and progression of disease and even result in death (Myer, p.43). Even though this study would have been conducted in other countries, almost all the world's countries and their people possess unifying attributes that make them distinct and unmistakable for any other nationality, race, culture and language. America possesses the probability of encountering this problem because of countless causes such as cultural differences and differences in opinions while having environment issues that could very destroy the earth. This is why there has been discussion of air pollution contributing to health issues in such a way, which gives a bleak future. This is why there was a court case between the United States vs. Rapanos was an issue because they went against the Clean Air Act. DiscussionIt is easy to gather that Americans want a future that has economic prosperity and clean air that will be more abundant. This is because the American life consists of material prosperity as much as in civil liberties or political democracy is an old on as the content of what people believe it to be. However, since the structure of globalization has to be reconstructed while the greenhouse effect is being dealt with through the air pollution issue, the planet's air is being destroyed by carbon dioxide and other pollutants.. "There is only one way to pacify our inflamed atmosphere: The climate challenge requires all the countries of the world to adopt a common framework with mandatory reduction targets. Within such a framework, countries can find their own ways to meet the shared goal. Since the United States emits at least twenty percent of the world's greenhouse gases - with only five percent of the world's population - it clearly needs to take a prominent role in any globa l solution. Here is a concrete framework for change that is financially sensible, politically feasible and based on existing technology" (Gelbspan). In the twenty-first century, economic changes and changes in the environment were threatening all American classes economically. . With addressing global solutions for the environment, the United States will force environmental laws onto the public such as the following. John and Judith Rapanos own three parcels of land in the State of Michigan known as the Salzburg, Hines Road, and Pine River sites. PA at A2. In the 1980's and 90's, the Rapanos hired contractors to prepare these sites for development. The

Economy Industry Company Analysis Research Paper

Economy Industry Company Analysis - Research Paper Example This growth has enabled the potential investors in bonds, stocks and other investing opportunities, to establish their investments tremendously in the country. The gross domestic price that was analyzed at the first quarter of the year shows that it has grown for about 1.3 percent. This is the best indication of the economic growth and I will advice Johnnie to do an investment in this country. Gross domestic products, is a technique used to show the economic growth and stability of any given country. In Australia where the Crown head quarters is found, had a gross domestic product of approximately 918 billion united states dollars, with a growth rate of 2.3 percent, and the income per person or per capita income of40,800 in the fiscal year 2011. The standard rate of interest in Australia was previously indicated at 4.25 Percent, which was determined by the Australian reserve bank of panel. The graph shows that the rates of interest of the year 2010 and 2009 had a drastic fall. It has also increased gradually and encounters small decrease recently. This is a clear indication that the Economy of Australia, and the performance of the currency is in its stage of recovery. The estimate is that it has a moderate increase in the near future as it is indicated by the tendency of the graph. Increase in the interest rates means that the investors will benefit from the consequential increase in the amount of dividends that they will receive1. Given the fact that Jonnie is looking for an investment that will last for ten years, This is a favorable time to invest in a booming company in Australia. This is because during this period, there is an economic recovery and such will lead to better economic performance of all the factors discussed above. The ten year bond in Australia has also jumped to reach 3.02 percent increase. For a potential investor like

Bureaucratic budgetary process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Bureaucratic budgetary process - Essay Example The social work profession must be able to confront the issues that have arisen because of the dramatic increases to longevity accomplished in the 20th century, and social workers must be ready to meet the distinctive needs of the countrys rapidly expanding aging population. The increase in the number of elderly necessitates an increase in the number of social workers equipped to deal with the specific challenges of the elderly. However, at this point, workers currently working in the field note that there is a desperate shortage in the number of social workers who have the specialized knowledge and skills required to care for the elderly population. In addition to this there is a need of improving in the field of knowledge and restoring the up gradation of the techniques required in subject. Technologies change, time changes and along it the principals of management in the field of old age care change and it is only logical to take the most of the technologies available monitored by newly applied principals. Consisted of exercises that would help them share memories and feelings about common subjects and enhance feelings of belonging, share personal background to increase understanding of self and others, stimulate reminiscence to enhance feelings of identity and self-worth, promote resolution of past emotional issues, promote interpersonal awareness by increasing knowledge about the backgrounds of others, work through unfinished or unresolved feelings about mother or mother figure/father or father figure, and practice reminiscence in a group setting to strengthen identity and self-esteem. Everyone participated with guidance and direction on the topic at hand. As a leader of this group I acted more as a facilitator and listener. I had to get the group involved by directly asking them questions one at a time. Thus, it can be stated that the goal of the study was to improve recall, cognition, and communication skills along with

Consider Pip from Great Expectations and Ralph from Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Consider Pip from Great Expectations and Ralph from Lord of the Flies Essay Which character do you think gives the most realistic portrayal of childhood? Both of these novels contain depictions of childhood. An important fact to keep aware of is that in Dickens portrayal of childhood, there are adults present to mould Pip through his encounters with them, whereas Golding leaves his characters free from any guiding adult hand. Pips sister being on the rampage when she felt Joe or Pip had done the slightest thing wrong, is different to Ralphs experience of childhood on the island as the closest thing he has to an adult guide is Piggy, who whilst undoubtedly more intelligent than the other boys, lacks the respect and authority an adult commands. Pip and Ralph are alike however in their longing for a lack of adults, but then the delight of a realized ambition overcame him. In the middle of the scar he stood on his head and grinned at the reversed fat boy. No grown ups! Is what Golding tells us of Ralph, and similarly Dickenss Pip calls them all toadies and humbugs. Although these views both seem to concur that a lack of adults is definitely a good thing, they do differ somewhat, I do not believe Ralph would go so far as to call all adults toadies and humbugs and this is certainly to do with their different backgrounds. Ralph is a Home Counties lad with a father high up in the navy who knows that the queen has a drawer full of maps, whereas Pip is the adopted son of a blacksmith and although Ralphs lifestyle may not necessarily have been glamorous, it was much more homely and welcoming than the one Pip enjoys. The two novels are also set over a greatly differing time span. Lord of the Flies lasts perhaps several weeks at the most, whereas Pips childhood lasts several years in Great Expectations. Obviously this will play a part in how realistic their childhoods seem as we see no more than the blinking of an eye of Ralphs, but have a much more in depth viewing of Pips. Adults mould Pip throughout his childhood, and the most important adults involved in this are Pumblechook, Mr Wopsle and Pips sister. All of these have a tendency to look down on Pip, and it is for that reason that Joe is not included in the list, as he and Pip treat each other like equals. Ralph on the other hand has no guiding force behind him throughout all the time the reader knows him. Whereas Ralph is a very expressive child, he stands on his head and laughs and looks golden, Pip is not, in the early stages of the book, free from the tyranny of his sister. So there is a crucial difference between the two novels in that Ralph and his companions are free to be children without adult ideals being laid upon them, whereas Pip is expected to be a child the way society expects him to be, be grateful boy to them which bought you up by hand being a good example of this. A key aspect of childhood is Fear, fear of the dark, fear of the unknown and fear of adults to name but a few. Both authors work this aspect of childhood into their novels somehow. Dickens does this with Magwitchs young man a boy may lock his door, may be warm in bed, may tuck himself up, may draw the clothes over his head, may think himself comfortable and safe, but that young man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him open. All this to scare Pip into getting him some wittles and it works, from the language in that quote, it is obviously apparent that Dickens had a very good idea of childhood and its workings, on of the few things universal to children is that they do think bed to be the ultimate haven. Pip is scared by Magwitch into stealing from his sister, who he is already afraid of, and this is significant in that it shows Dickens had a very good grasp of what childhood was about, and is thus likely to have a very good portrait of childhood in his novel. Possibly even more significant than this is that Pip steals a file from Joe his trusted friend, and this also shows more understanding on Dickens part about children, they do not discriminate between close friends and others to the extent older people do. And so we see the counter part to this in Lord of the Flies, when alone and with no adults on the desert island the children feel the need for a fire and steal Piggys glasses to light it. Piggy is Ralphs main ally on the island, and certainly Ralph is Piggys only friend, so the situation is much akin to the one in Great Expectations but we do not see the same level of remorse from Ralph. Instead of Pips fearful I held tight to the leg of the table under the cloth, with both hands, and awaited my fate in anticipation of any retribution that may be dealt out, all that Golding says of the boys remorse at leaving Piggy blind and helpless is for Ralph to hand them back when done with them, and it is here that it seems as though Golding has a better understanding of children, he appreciates that their consciences are not yet fully developed as they are unable to grasp the implications of what they have done. The fear that grows apparent on the island however is not the same kind of fear as Pip experiences. One of the little-uns complains of a beastie, nonsense is the response he gets from Ralph, and yet The vivid horror of this, so possible and nakedly terrifying held them all silent. And it is here where the crux of the argument begins to form for Dickens having the better portrayal of childhood. The Beastie is in fact symbolic of the horror humans will create on the island, and the rest of Goldings novel is also mostly symbolic, whereas Great Expectations isnt. The natural reaction for Ralph and company to have is to try and ward of the beastie somehow, and thus the fire begins to become more than simply a rescue beacon. The relationships between characters is also a major part in the views we are offered of childhood. Golding uses the views of others to reveal aspects of the main characters, and so influence how we feel about them, Piggys view of Ralph and the others Like a crowd of kids - is supposed to make the reader feel that Piggy is far more mature, and that in turn Ralph is excessively immature, and childlike. Dickens however uses Pips perspective throughout the novel, and the language he uses differs greatly at the start as compared to the finish for the purposes of showing the transition between child and adult. For example I religiously entertained that they had been born on their backs with their hands in their trouser pockets is clearly not the impression an adult would get from having dead brothers or sisters, and most likely not the way they would describe them. However at the end of the book the language use has progressed to statements such as Oh, Joe, you break my heart! Look angry at me, Joe! Strike me, Joe! Tell me of my ingratitude. Dont be so good to me. This is a statement the younger Pip would have been incapable of making, ti shows the complex differences in language that Dickens appreciates children use as compared to adults. In Great Expectations Pip is not treated as an adult, he is treated as a particularly worthless child, and as such he forms negative opinions of the adult world he will have to grow into, that ass Pumblechook being just one example of the way Pip views this world, however Dickens also understands that childrens attitudes change very quickly, as does Golding, and so when Pip obtains Great Expectations and Pumblechook starts acting up to him, then he decides that maybe Pumblechook was a practical, sensible, good hearted fellow. This is also shown in Lord of the Flies because although by the end Ralph and Jack are literally at each others throats, when making the fire at the start Ralph finds a log that looks too heavy, but gets the reply of Not for the two of us! And so Golding shows the reader a glimmer of hope that the two may get along well, but they dont, and this demonstrates the inconsistency of children. Ralph has responsibility for the other boys on the island, and this causes him in many aspects to grow up. Instead of being completely child like and swimming, diving and running about, he gets worked up because the shelters havent been made and the other are incapable of concentrating And they keep running off. You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished? This is not a very childlike statement, children get frustrated because they dont get their own way, Ralph is not saying Im the leader and they dont obey me but instead worrying that the community is beginning to tear apart, a concern more voiced on tabloid letter pages than childrens conversations. Pip however has no such responsibility, admittedly while he does some chores set him by his sister, or his lessons under Mr Wopsles great aunt that preposterous female, he is nowhere near as empowered as Ralph who has been voted to care for a few dozen boys. And so this also affects the childhood of the two we see, while Ralph had the easiest growing up previous to the novel (with his parents) as opposed to Pips dead parents and harsh sister, he is given a far more demanding role to play. And the way he deals with it is not very childlike; in fact it comes to eventually represent the way a tired adult may feel, worn down, beginning to despair and wondering why on earth hes taken the responsibility at all. And this is another key point to consider, Goldings children are literary metaphors for mankind, whereas Pip, although he teaches the reader about aspects of the human character, is not supposed to be representative of the whole human race, and so more likely to represent childhood better. Yet another fact to remember is that Golding and Dickens were writing in very different times. Dickens was writing in what was the height of Victorian England and was teaching about society in those days. Whereas Golding was writing after the World Wars and so was trying to tell a more global message. So his Ralph is, although a child, not necessarily entirely representative of one. Pip however is forced to be a child by the constraining presence of his sister, Pumblechook and eventually the bond apprenticing him to Joe, all things that represent Victorian society, and yet things that still apply today even if in a different form, such as parental control and discipline and mandatory education. Childhood on Goldings island is also not really something enjoyed particularly by Ralph and his peers, instead it is the littleuns who are the children, Ralph and the other bigger boys find themselves in the positions of adults simply because they are the biggest ones on the island. Perhaps because they are not completely mature at the time this does not help them deal with the events that happen on the island. There is possibly a case for saying that Pip too, is no ordinary child and has to grow up very fast in his attempts to impress Estella and grows up even more rapidly once he has his expectations laid upon him. However this is most likely a part of his childhood akin to the beginning of school and as this has been a part of life for every child in the last hundred years and more, this is not something that can be argued as not being a part of childhood. And most certainly at the start of the novel Pip is a child plain and simple, with no more worries than his sisters rampages. Another aspect of childhood to consider is trust and loyalty. Children are usually trusting unless something happens to make them otherwise. In Lord of the Flies, loyalty is shown by the twins and Piggys dedication to Ralph and their faith in him to get them through. Ralph however displays a special kind of loyalty, a loyalty to the good side of human nature and a deep trust in fair play. Pips trust however is in Joe and his own learning, but the trust is very temporary with Joe, it is more of a mutual agreement to be equals. And Pip is more than happy to trade his oldest friend for some money and a life in London. Here again we see that Dickens understands children are rarely consistent, whereas Golding is trying to use children as a metaphor for something much bigger. To conclude I believe that Pip is by far the better portrayal of childhood. Childhood does not generally involve the lack of adult presence to so huge an extent as it does in Lord of the Flies, however the battles of child against adult and adult society such as are seen in Great Expectations do occur almost universally. I think that some qualities the reader sees in Ralph, such as the headstands, do display the kind of innocent glee a child might express, but other than that Ralph and is peers are all examples of the human race and so representative of those who rule the world, adults, and not of children who merely inhabit it. Goldings book is a political message of its time, whereas Dickens was writing a novel, but his was free from the idealism that contaminates Goldings work. Dickens novel still had a point, but this point was made about the way in which his society worked and in particular his belief that money is a great corrupter. Therefore I believe that Dickens Pip is the most realistic portrayal of childhood as he behaves like a child, his expressions and attitudes are all those common to children. Dickens also displays a deep understanding of how children work, and this comes across in Pips actions. Goldings children however are only just recognisable as children, they could easily be replaced with full grown adults and still the story would work just as well.

Nonmetric Analysis of Jawbones for Sex Determination

Nonmetric Analysis of Jawbones for Sex Determination ABSTRACT AIMS OBJECTIVES Mandible is the strongest, largest, hardest most durable bone of the skull which retains its shape better than other bones in forensic study and exhibiting high degree of sexual dimorphism. To study the nonmetric characteristics of mandible such as the variations of shape of chin, lower border of mandible and shape of coronoid process and to distinguish between males and females. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The material for this study comprised of 90 dry adult human mandibles of known sex which was obtained from Department of Anatomy. The characteristic feature that allowed the sexes to be distinguished was the contour of the lower border of mandible, shape of the chin and shape of coronoid process bilaterally. RESULTS: Rocker-shaped mandibles predominated in males (58.9%), whereas most females (41.1%) exhibited a straight mandible. The shape of the chin in most males was generally Bilobate (45.5%), Square (43.6%), whereas the chin in females was Pointed (71.4%).Shapes of coronoid process observed were Triangular (41.1%), Rounded (31.1%), and Hook in (27.8%) with p value CONCLUSION: The nonmetric analysis of mandible used in this study could be used for sex determination. Key words: Forensic anthropological, Mandible, Non metric characteristics sex determination. Introduction In forensic investigation identifying the human remains is thought to be a first step is crucial for futher analysis.1 The sex determination in human skeleton is usually the initial step in the identification process as subsequent methods for age and stature estimation are sex dependent. The accuracy of sex determination depends on the completeness of the remains and the degree of sexual dimorphism inherent in the population.2 When the complete adult skeleton is available for analysis sex can be determined up to hundred percent (100%) accuracy, but in cases of fragmented bones which are usually found in mass disasters, obtaining cent percent (100%) accuracy in sex determination is difficult and it largely depends on the available fragmented bones of skeleton.1, 2 As evident from the earlier studies, the most dimorphic and easily distinguish portion of skeleton among sexes after pelvis is skull, providing accuracy up to 92%.1 But in cases where intact skull is not found, in sex determination mandible may play a vital role, as it is the most durable, largest, strongest , and dimorphic bone of skull.1-4 Mandible is very durable part of skull bone due to the presence of a dense layer of compact bone, and hence remains well preserved than many other bones. The shape and size of mandible reflects the dimorphism characteristics.1 Female bones are generally smaller and less robust than male bones.2 This characteristic feature of mandible helps in sex and age determination in medico legal cases. In anthropological excavations, the morphometric features of the mandible aid to determine the sex, age, food habits and race of the population and also helps to understand the cave dweller / human evolution.5 The relative development such as size, strength, and angulation of the muscles of mastication is known to influence the expression of mandibular dimorphism as masticatory forces exerted are different for males and females.6 The shape of the mandible can vary according to the different lifestyles and chewing habits .7Therefore, the morphological characteristics of the mandible vary among different ethnic groups. There are several causes of differences in the shape of the mandible between the sexes8. The shape and size of the mandible appear to differ between the sexes from the development of the deciduous tooth. Also, the size of the masticatory muscles and mandible appear to differ between males and females before birth9. The size of the ramus differs between males and females according to the stage of mandibular development and muscle growth.10,11 Furthermore, the mandible have different rate of growth in males and females.12,13 Because puberty occurs earlier in females than in males, sexual differences may manifest themselves in the skull and jaws of females earlier than in the later and longer maturing males.14 For the determination of the of males and females mandible many attempts have been made wi th help of metric standards.15-17 However, metric methods have their disadvantages by their requirement of a complete mandible. Using nonmetric methods, Bass18 found that the shape of the chin could be used to distinguish between males and females. In addition, Loth and Henneberg 19 in his reported cases showed that there is a large difference in the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exure of the ramal posterior border during male and female Africans that can be used to differentiate the sexes with 99% reliability. In addition, it was reported that there are discrete differences in the gonial à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡aring of the mandible between the sexes20. In this study we investigated the criteria that can be used to differentiate between males and females by using the non-metric characteristics of mandible such as variation of contour of lower border of mandible, shape of the chin and variation in shape of coronoid process in mandibles. MATERIALS AND METHOD The present study was undertaken on 90 dry adult, complete, undamaged human mandibles of known sex from the collection of Anatomy department. Out of 90 mandibles 53 were of males and 37 of females and were examined for the variations shape of lower border, shape of the chin and shape of coronoid process of both the left and right side of the mandible. The shape of the chin was classified according to the thickness of the mandible in front of and beneath the chin, the proà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ le of the chin according to amount of protrusion of the chin observed from the side, the contour of the lower border of the mandible was classified according to the depth of the antegonial notch, variations in the shape of the coronoid process in right and left sides of adult bones of both sexes were noted and tabulated. The nonmetric items observed in this study is as follows: 1. The contour of the lower border of the mandible (fig 1) Straight/rocker/undulating 2. The shape of the chin (fig 1) Bilobate/square/pointed 3 Coronoid process of mandible (fig 1) Hooked, rounded and triangular INCULSION CRITERIA: well-formed mandible EXCULSION CRITERIA: Fractured, deformed, bony growths of Coronoid process [osteochondroma] were excluded from the study. Data were analyzed using a chi-square test p value of 0.05 was obtained which showed that this study was statistically significant. RESULTS: Rocker-shaped mandibles predominated in males (58.9%), whereas most females (41.1%) exhibited a straight mandible. The shape of the chin in most males was generally Bilobate (45.5%), Square (43.6%), and Pointed (10.9%), whereas the chin in females was either Square (8.6%) or Bilobated (20.0%) Pointed (71.4%).Shapes of coronoid process observed were Triangular (41.1%), Rounded (31.1%), and Hook in (27.8%) with p value Discussion Differentiating features of males from females and the differences in ethnic groups by analyzing the morphological characteristics of bone is important in the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ eld of physical and forensic anthropology. Sound bone is difà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cult to obtain because the quality of bone deteriorates over time due to factors such as environment-induced erosion. In sex determination examination of the pelvic bone is the most accurate means, but this bone is rarely found intact. Skull is most easily distinguishing portion of the skeleton as a part of the skull mandible shares its own characteristics. The mandible is the strongest and largest bone in the human body and persists in a well-preserved state longer than any other bone. Hence mandibular characteristics are significantly useful for determining sex and race. The shape of the chin and the lower border of the mandible had a different shape between males and females in the present study. The shape of the chin is used widely to distinguish between the sexes, because the male chin is usually bilobate /square whereas the female chin is more pointed. Similar observations were made in the present study; specifically, 90.7% of males had either a bilobate or square chin, whereas 72.2% of females had a pointed chin. However, while the shape of the chin is more distinctive in males than in females, sex determination based only on the shape of the chin is not sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ciently reliable. The characteristic that was the most distinguishable between the sexes in this study was the shape of the lower border of the mandible. The lower borders of mandibles from males tended to be rocker shaped (58.9%), whereas lower borders of mandibles from females tended to be straight (41.1%) (Table1). Therefore, the shape of the lower border of the mandible may be used as a reliable index for sex determination. However, we believe that using only this characteristic is not sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ciently reliable for sex determination; instead, evaluating both the shape of the chin and the shape of the lower border of the mandible improve the precision of sex determination. When these two items were combined, 90.7% of males exhibited the characteristics of male mandibles (a bilobate or square chin and a rocker-shaped lower border of the mandible), whereas 77.2% of females exhibited the characteristics of female mandibles (a pointed chin and a straight lower border of the mandible, (Table3). Fe w males (9.3%) had a pointed chin and a straight lower border, which are characteristics of females, while 27.7% of the females exhibited mandibular characteristics that were characteristic of males (Table 3). Therefore, the probability of assigning the incorrect sex to a mandible when examining both the shape of the chin and the shape of the lower border of the mandible is very low. Moreover, the shape of the chin is the most distinctive characteristic in males (90.7%), whereas the lower border of the mandible is the most distinctive characteristic in females (77.2%). Therefore, we can determine the sex using the following two-step approach. During the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst step in determining sex based on the characteristics of the mandible, if the lower border of the mandible is rocker shaped, it is likely to be the mandible of a male, but if the lower border is straight, it is likely to be the mandible of a female; during the second step, if the chin of the mandible that has a straigh t lower border is bilobate/square, it is likely to be the mandible of a male whereas pointed and straight is likely to be of female. Shapes of coronoid process observed were Triangular (41.1%),Rounded (31.1%), and Hook in (27.8%) where Triangular and hook shape had slight male predilection and triangular and rounded had slight more of female predilection(Table 4).Issac B21reported in a study of 157 mandibles incidence of hook shaped was 27.4%, triangular 49% and rounded type 23.6%.He found the incidence of the rounded type almost equal in male and female mandibles, triangular type slightly more in the females, while hook type more in the male mandibles. Comparing with Issac B the incidence of hook type was closely similar to the present study, but triangular and rounded shape incidence observed was more in males and so the findings did not coincide with the author. CONCULSION The differences between the sexes and among ethnic groups the morphological characteristics of the mandible are determined by the environment and different growth patterns. Therefore, males and females can be distinguished based on the shapes of various parts of the mandible. We found that the simultaneous use of the shape of the lower border of the mandible and the shape of the chin is the best method of predicting sex with a rate of accuracy that is higher than 90% and the morphological variation of shapes of coronoid .Triangular shape of coronoid process is the most common presentation .Incidence of Triangular, Rounded and Hook shape were found more in the in male bones compared to female bones. The above findings could be of substantial significance for the anatomist, anthropologist and forensic researchers.

Oral Health And Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Oral Health And Disease Health And Social Care Essay Dental caries is an oral disease not just of the developed nations but fast becoming a public health issues in the developing countries1. Dental caries is one of the major oral health problems in Nigeria. Other oral health/diseases commonly seen in Nigeria include periodontitis, chronic gingivitis, acute necrotising gingivitis, oral cancer and ameloblastoma, cranio-facial developmental anomalies, orthodontic problems and cleft lip and palate2. The oral cavity though small is a important aspect of the human body. It is the gateway to the human digestive system. The teeth are an important part of the mouth. Their function in mastication of food and speech cannot be over emphasized. They also have aesthetic component as well as enhance facial appearance. Thus, any problem with oral health or diseases could present as pain and suffering which could have debilitating effects on individuals in particular and the community at large3. Oral diseases could lead to reduction in functional abili ties and reduced quality of life. According to Petersen (2004) oral conditions are among the most expensive medical treatments in industrialized nations3. Nigeria is classed as one of the poorest countries in the world with 70% of its population leaving below 1 dollar a day. Nigeria is one of the countries in West Africa, comprises of 36 states. She is one of the most populous countries in Africa as well as the eighth most populous country in the world with the population of 154,728 8924 and popularly known as the giant of Africa. In 2007 to date, Nigeria is ranked as the second largest economy in Africa, she is known for her rich cultures, natural endowment such as oil and gas. It is equally indisputable that her human resources are abundant. At the same, it is absurd to learn that about 70.2% of Nigerians are living in abject poverty. Although, the Health services in Nigeria has undergone transformation over the years. The provision of Nigeria health system can be categorized into Public and Private Health services. The public health services serves as the main backbone of Nigeria health care which in most cases is funded by the government on non-profit bases. These are divided structurally into the Primary Health Care (PHC), Secondary Health Care (SHC ) and the Tertiary Heath Care (THC) 5, 6. But the dental care services are provided from secondary to tertiary care. This is due to the fact that dental care services are available in general hospitals (secondary health care) in some states and not at the primary health care bases, also in various teaching hospitals (tertiary health care) as well as private dental services. Dental caries is known as a progressive destruction or demineralization of enamel, dentine and cementum on a susceptible tooth surface caused by microbial (Streptococcus mutans) activities such as the production of acids.7, 8 In most cases, the dental caries is not life threatening but can have an adverse effect on quality of life in individual childhood to old age such as dietary and health. It affects all age groups and it is the most important cause of tooth loss in young people9. Frequent consumption of sugar and sugary food and drinks has been implicated as predisposing factors for the cause of dental caries9, 10,11. The sequelae of dental caries: Bacteria ferment sugar to produce acid. Acid dissolves tooth surface  ® leads to dental caries which affects the enamel  ® dentine  ® pulp  ® pulpitis  ® periapical infection  ® dental abscess12. Years ago, dental caries is one of the most common diseases in industrialised countries for instance United Kingdom and a social class-related condition. There has been a tremendous increase of dental caries in developing countries in recent years due to increased sugar consumption as well as insufficient exposures to fluorides which Nigeria happened to be one of the countries. In Nigeria, DMF index is used in measuring tooth decays which counts the number of decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) or surfaces (DMFS) in patients mouth as a result of caries both in deciduous and permanent dentition7, 8. In 1993, World Bank reported the dental caries incidence in 1990 among females of Sub-Saharan Africa is 0. 7 and the males is also 0.7 while the total world record in these categories are 9.6 and 9.8 repectively.13 Dental caries prevalence in Nigeria varies according to the areas from the studies Akpata carried out. It shows that dental caries in rural areas are very low of 3 dental ca ries cases compared with those in the urban areas which is 33 caries14. The reasons for chosen dental caries: Dental caries as pointed out above is a dental disease that affects all age groups although it is more prevalent among the adolescents and young children. It is one of the major oral health problems. Dental caries is a public health issue because of its impact on individuals and the communities. Social and financial issues: Majority of the population in Nigeria suffers from poverty and the government do not subsidize any kind of dental or medical treatment for the people that is from new born to 59 years but from age 60 pays half price which can still be a problem for people in this category. In fact, dental and medical treatment does not commence until the patient pay an agreed amount but there is always an exceptional case depending on the dentist or medical practitioners discretion. Therefore, most of the populations in Nigeria are in high caries risk. This is due to the fact that some of the parents cannot afford sending their children to school while some of the children have very poor attendance record in school and in most cases leads the children to consume more of confectionery and high carbohydrate diet15. Due to poverty, most people seek for alternative treatment when they have toothache such as the traditional medicine, application of herbs, as well as fake medic ine (cheap) leaving majority of the cases untreated. Tooth loss: Dental caries is one of the major causes of tooth loss which can affect on patients eating habits, self-esteem and quality of life. Majority of the patients visit their dentist when they have explored virtually all the alternative treatment mentioned above and still be in pain which tends to be unbearable or in some cases the area is infected or inflamed. This can lead to extraction of the tooth/teeth, which eventually might lead to tooth loss replacement with removable dentures or fixed prosthesis. Due to lack of affordability of the denture by some patients leads to loss of alveolar as well as deformity. Infections: One of the sequelae of dental caries is infection due to bacteria in the cavity. Bacteria in the dental cavity secrete acids which dissolve the enamel and dentine and if untreated leads to pulpitis and subsequently periodontitis. Because so many people cannot afford orthodox dental care due to the cost of proper dental treatment some people chose alternative treatment as mentioned earlier. This can also leads to potential serious infection such as dental abscess or Ludwigs Angina which is life threatening. Although, one of the treatment is administration of antibiotics and other medications but in Nigeria contest we have to battle fake drugs as in most cases one is unable to distinguish between original and fake drugs. Need to create dental awareness: there are need to educate members of the public on how to prevent and control dental conditions as well as diseases Strep viridians seen in dental caries can cause endocarditis in cardiac patients Dental caries can form cystic legions in some patients Dental caries can cause chronic periodontitis. Dental caries is considered as a public health issue or a major problem in dental public health16 because it targets the entire population with unlimited time frame. Its socio-economic effect is great. People presents to dental clinics and hospitals when they are in severe pain and at the advanced stage of dental caries. Dental caries can occur in deciduous or permanent dentition thus affecting children as well as their parents. The cost of managing advanced dental infections is high. Being unable to identify early, people with high caries risk has also be one of the major challenges for public health. 2. The Community Oral Health Programme (COHP) was started in 1988 by the University of Ibadan in Nigeria by the Dental department. Since its inception it has become an integral part of the comprehensive Community Health Programme of the Preventive and Social Medicine (PSM) 17. The COPH main aims and objectives include prevention of oral diseases and provision of basic oral care services to communities. Major components of COPH are: School health programmes, health education programmes and on site dental care provision in hard to reach communities. Dental care has been a part of primary health care thus making very many communities disadvantaged. The health care delivery in Nigeria is such that dental health was been side-lined and the need for primary and secondary prevention of oral diseases in a developing country such as Nigeria where urbanization and westernization is creeping in. Studies carried out over the years have revealed a poor oral health status in many Nigerians18. An a rm of this programme known as the Community Dental Education Health (CODEH) has been organizing activities such as dental awareness campaigns in communities, market places and schools. Financial sponsorships have been mainly from non-governmental organizations and dental companies like Unilever and GlaxoSmithKline19. Evaluation of the programme: Evaluation is the process of assessing the possible relevance, efficiency, effectiveness as well as impact of the activities (efficacy) of a project or programme in accordance to its objectives through a systematic collection and analysis of data15, 20. It is equally very important to ascertain the quality assurance of the programme. Evaluation could be formative that is assessing the possibility of problem occurring while the programme is being developed or summative that is focusing on the impact as well as the effectiveness of the established programme21. This programme has been evaluated by observing the criteria proposed to guide evaluation in public health22 such as: Effectiveness: -this refers to the extent to which the aims and objectives are met which is to create dental awareness and promote oral health care. Also identify issues and questions of concern to stakeholders. Acceptability: to check if people are satisfied with the programme both the targeted and non-targeted population. Appropriateness: this is the importance of the programme which to reduce the prevalence of dental caries and promote oral health care. Equity: equal provision for equal needs for every individual Efficiency: this to ensure that results are achieved in most economical way and if the resources put into the programme is justified. Before the evaluation, decision on the kind of information that is needed is taken. To ensure that relevant data are gathered at the appropriate time, an eight-stage framework for evaluation of health promotion interventions proposed by Rootman et al in 200123 was adopted. These stages are Describing the programme, as well as clarifying the aims and objectives Identifying the issues and fears of stakeholders Designing of information-gathering process like questionnaire, records of behaviour change such as plaque scores, indices, documented record on dental caries rate (this was achieved with the help of dentists and hygienist in the allocated areas of the programme) also question and answer session with patient or during the dental awareness campaign. Collecting data Analysing data Make recommendations publish findings Take action or implementation Evaluation is an empowering experience which should involve all stakeholders. Although, evaluation of this dental awareness and oral care promotion is challenging as there are complex, context-specific programme which also focus on the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of well-being. Determine of outcomes: the outcome of the programme is influenced by the timing of the evaluation. The outcome of this programme after assessing the effects of intervention can be said to be immediate (impact), intermediate and long-term for some patients. Dental awareness and Oral health care programme had the following effects: Improves peoples knowledge and perception about oral health care Improve the oral health care of the communities in the programme Improve the oral health care and awareness among school children It motivates patients that are afraid of visiting dentist It motivates and encourage most of the participants to be going for regular check-up Impact evaluation was inculcated into the programme as the stage ends. This is the stage where the public worker or oral health educator includes review of the programme at the last session. The intermediate and long-term evaluation involves assessment for longer effect. This was ascertained by comparing the participant oral health related behaviour before and after the programme but in most cases after a year some participants discontinue from the programme due to death or loss of interest. Effectiveness of the evaluation: the evaluation was effective as it shows that the aims and objectives of the programme were met. For instance, the aims and objectives for Community Oral Health Programme (COHP) are prevention of oral diseases and provision of basic oral care services to the communities while the Community Dental Educational Health programme (CODEH) is to organise dental awareness campaign in the communities, market places and schools. This shows that the programme is a success and dental team as well as all the workers efforts in the programme are worthwhile. 3. Key elements in the success or failure of the programme: There have been elements and factors that have led to the success and failure in some aspects of the programme. Communication: good communication network between the public health teams, from dentists to their patients and from oral health educators to varieties of patients or the public is paramount to the success of the programme. It is important to make patients feel at ease and demystify the fear of visiting the dentist by answering their questions clearly. Communication can take place at two levels: cognitive (understanding) and emotional (which relates feelings) which is very important when treating a patient7. Effective and good communication helps the patients to feel relaxed while discussing their oral health problems and devise solutions. Communication barriers: these can lead to failure of a programme. Therefore, it is always advised for professionals to identify any existent of communication barriers during the first stage of communication with the patient. These barriers could be: Social/cultural barriers which involves ethnic backgrounds, cultural/religion beliefs, social class, sex and age Limited receptiveness of patients due to mental health problems, pain, dementia, fear or low self esteem Negative attitude by the patients towards dental professionals due to previous bad experience or believes that they know it all. Dental professionals failing to give insufficient emphasis on dental education. Continuous dental professional development needs to be incorporated in the training for all stakeholders involved in the implementation of the COHP programme. Contradictory messages of oral health care to patients from other health professionals leaving the patients confused as well as use of some dental jargons by the dental professionals to the patients. Strategic planning and evaluation of the programme: planning oral health strategy need to be permissible within the political and policy constraints of Nigeria government. This can lead the programme to success by being more productive and effective on what can be implemented in promoting dental awareness and oral health care such as: Oral health needs assessment: this is to assess unmet dental health needs in a systematic approach to ensure that the public health service uses its resources to promote and improve the dental health of the population. The information gathered for the assessment does not only based on DMF data but also from other sources like data from oral health determinants, caries prevalence, prevalence due to toothache, public demand, existence of dental services as well as policy development14. These information gather will build a focus in monitoring the rate of dental caries which will be useful at the national level during planning dental health educational programmes, future demand and utilization of oral health organisation and financing. It will help plan strategies to improve oral health care of the people through public health interventions. Monitor services provided by the dental team and the extent in which the strategies have improved the oral health of the population after the imple mentation of public health interventions as well as changes to the services. Resources and Support: this is to ascertain from the dental budget the fund available for oral health services and promotion to meet with demand and supply of the population as well as educational programme is very essential. As this will help facilitate the programme, involving experienced and trained public health professional, build and equip dental services and the outreach units with modern equipment if needed as well as developing professional network between the program and community8. Although, in some cases professional barriers can be encountered leading to failure whereby the local dentists does not comply with strategy due to threats on their private dental service business or if their employment terms and conditions are affected. Evaluation: this is an effective way of interventions in a programme, providing feedback to both participants and other part of the team as well as the stakeholders; ensure that appropriate use of resources and other guidelines are followed. During planning of the programme, the programme is evaluated to assess how strategy was implemented and at the end of the programme, evaluation is used to determine what has been achieved. Oral health preventive promotion: there are two ways to achieve this through clinical and public health preventive approach Clinical preventive approach: this approach depends on the proficiency and skill of the dentist also this takes place in dental clinics whereby chair-side oral health educational counselling is given to the patients after the administration of one or two clinical preventive agents are used for instance topical fluorides and fissure sealants. This approach has some down falls such as limited coverage of the population, it can be very expensive leading to increase in health inequalities, less community involvement, in some cases fail to pin-point the causes of poor oral health and can easily leads to conflicting messages. Public health preventive approach: this approach stress on the determinants of health for instance stipulates the attributes of oral health problems as shown in Fig. 1 below illustrating the impact of economic, political, environmental conditions to oral health, not to mention peoples lifestyle which is under the social and community context, although some oral health related behaviour can be influenced by some of the social factors depending on individuals, educating patients through oral health educators, dentists and other trained dental professionals. Oral health education is the one of the channels of promoting oral and promote equity and lessen the rate of health inequalities, be in partnership with various agencies and sectors to achieve their goals, creating dental awareness, increasing people knowledge and getting them involved in self-care. C:UsersAmakaDocumentsimg057.jpg Fig. 1 Diagram of Social determinants of oral health15 Oral health care outreach and information centre: this is preventive dental unit where oral health education can be given to individuals or small groups. This is an avenue whereby the dental public health team or oral health educators motivates, communicate also establish friendly and informal relationship with the patients. This kind of preventive treatment can be a success or failure of the programme depending on the patient and staff cooperation. Therefore, it will be wise to evaluate each teaching sessions by using question and answer session with patients and questionnaire on the performance of the educator. The patient feedback should be used to assess the progress of the unit. In Nigeria, majority of preventive dental units in public and private sectors are located in urban areas where most of the dentists are practising. Leaving those in rural areas with minimal or no access to modern dental treatment. 4. Recommendations for the future of the programme: Nigeria government should fund dental fissure sealant for children in the following categories: mentally or physically handicapped, those with nursing or bottle caries as well as those who have primary and first molars. Dentists should be able to clinically give treatment or advice to the patients without language barriers. This implies that there should be available provision a translator if the need arise. Both systematically and topically administered fluoride should be made available and affordable to the population for instance drinking water, salt, milk and use of fluoride toothpaste. Bearing in mind that, some part of Northern Nigeria is endemic of dental fluorosis due to relative high fluoride ingestion through drinking water14. The clinicians should be ready to adapt to the culture of the people and note the cultural differences for instance some cultures or religion forbids a male doctor or nurse to treat a female patient which applies to oral health care. Ability to in cooperate dental health care awareness into schools Public health workers should endeavour to identify children with high caries risk status More oral health awareness should be created as well as dietary education for parents and children. Highlighting on the need to reduce sugar intake and promote consumption of sugar free both in medications and drinks, fruits and vegetables as well as the need for good self oral hygiene practice It has been proven that most parents bring their children to clinics during holiday therefore will recommend that most dental clinics should be school led that is opening till late. Regular dental check-ups should be encouraged by the oral health team for early identification of dental problem Dental health education programmes should be conducted in the communities (both in rural and urban areas) and regularly The government should encourage the implementation of various community fluoride programmes by funding During epidemiological studies of dental caries, DMF index should always be used All Nigeria dentists should also adopt advances methods of diagnosing dental caries which should be considered when recording and reporting caries in future and ensure that this does not affect historical and international comparisons15.

Small Versus Big Government Essays -- Politics Political Essays

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Britney Spears Essay -- Biography

Modern society has made a sub-culture that lives in a reality that is not real. It is so far from the truth that the inhabitants of this sub-culture so often cannot live in both realities and have become a spectacle for others to marvel at. This sub-culture is made up of entertainers, millionaires, and athletes. The people in this group can range from newborns to death and some live on well after. The specimens that I find an interest in are the young ones that enter into this society not knowing well that their lives will never be the same. Britney Spears was just another victim of the society that brings into their prison. Britney Spears was born on December 2, 1981. She lived in Kentwood, Louisiana and was constantly performing in front of people and always wanted to be on 'Star Search'. Britney tried out for the New Mickey Mouse Club at age 8 and then again at 11 and made it. Then she went solo because her talent was evident and she wanted more (A & E Television Networks, 2011). Britney was very successful from 1998 to 2000. During these years, things were changing for her. Britney was telling people about her â€Å"remaining a virgin until marriage† yet she was posing in pictures that convinced people to think otherwise. Her albums still continued to sell in the United States as well as in Europe. She embarked on many successful roads through 2003 (Wikipedia, 2011). Her public finally saw her as a woman not a girl. In 2002, Britney and her boyfriend Justin Timberlake broke up. The following year during the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, Britney and former fellow Mouseketeer Christina Alguilera kissed Madonna sensually (A&E Television Networks, 2011). Madonna has been a major influence in Britney's life. Ever since she was a... ...ality disorder is not extreme as it could be from the information that could be found. Because of this, there may be hope that she could live without medication and only therapy. This would be determined as she progresses. Having a stable support system may enable Britney to go back into the singing again but I would recommend that she only does this for small blocks of time. So many young people go into the entertainment business. Most of them do not know that without a support system to keep them grounded and stable their mental development can be compromised. The society that we place so high in our culture and deem worthy of such high praise, eat our children alive. They grow too fast, have to defend themselves constantly, and are watched around the clock. As a society, we must take a look at what we are doing to the people in the entertainment industry.